Chapter 8 - Hormones and Sex Flashcards
____________ are chemicals, secreted by endocrine glands, that are conveyed by the bloodstream and regulate target organs or tissues.
hormones
_________ secrete hormones into the bloodstream to act on distant targets.
endocrine glands
In endocrine communication, the chemical signal is a _________ released into the bloodstream to selectively affect distant target organs.
endocrine
____________ communication is when pheromones are released outside the body to affect other individuals of the same species.
pheromone
__________ communication occurs when allomones are released by members of one species to affect the behavior of individuals of another species.
allomone
What three categories do most hormones fall into?
peptide hormones, amine hormones, or steroid hormones
_________ hormones, or protein hormones, are hormones that consist of a string of amino acids.
peptide
Different peptide hormones consist of different combinations of between ___ and ___ amino acids.
2, 50
__________ hormones, or monoamine hormones, are composed of a single amino acid that has been modified into a related molecule, such as melatonin or epinephrine.
amine
__________ hormones are derived from cholesterol and thus share their structure of four rings of carbon atoms.
steroid
Because steroid dissolve readily in ________, they can pass through membranes easily.
lipids
Peptide and amine hormones bind to specific receptor proteins on the surface of the target cell and activate chemical signals inside the cell called _________________.
second messengers
_________ are slow-acting substances in a target cell that amplify the effects of synaptic or hormonal activity and regulate activity within the target cell.
second messengers
Steroid hormones easily pass through cell membranes, so their receptors are generally located ___________ the target cell.
inside
_________ hormones are typically slower acting than other hormones.
steroid
The _________ is a small, complex endocrine gland located in a socket at the base of the skull.
pituitary gland
The ___________ is a thin piece of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
pituitary stalk
A _____________ is a neuron that releases hormones into local or general circulation.
neuroendocrine cell
Neuroendocrine cells receive synaptic signals from other neurons and produce action potentials, yet secrete ___________ into the bloodstream.
hormones
The ___________ pituitary is the rear division of the pituitary gland that releases hormones.
posterior
Hormones in the posterior pituitary gland are produced by ___________ and ___________ neuroendocrine cells.
supraoptic, paraventricular
When an action potential arrives at a terminal, _________ or __________ is released from the posterior pituitary directly into the bloodstream.
oxytocin, vaopressin
___________ is a peptide hormone, released from the posterior pituitary, that triggers milk letdown in the nursing female and is also associated with a variety of complex behaviors.
oxytocin
__________ is a peptide hormone from the posterior pituitary that promotes water conservation and increases blood pressure.
vasopressin
The ___________ is a reflexive release of milk by the mammary glands of a nursing female in response to suckling or stimuli associated with suckling.
milk letdown reflex
In both men and women a pulse of _________ is released during orgasm.
oxytocin
In nonhuman animals, both ________ and _________ facilitate many social processes.
oxytocin, vasopressin
___________ are durable and exclusive relationships between two individuals.
pair-bonds
The __________ is the process whereby a system monitors its own output and reduces its activity when a set point is reached. The property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to reduce the effect of input signals.
negative feedback loop
The ________ pituitary is the front division of the pituitary gland and it secretes tropic hormones.
anterior
_________ hormones are hormones of any class of anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands.
tropic hormones
To regulate the secretion of tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland, the hypothalamus uses peptide hormones called _____________ hormones.
releasing
The __________ is an elaborate bed of blood vessels leading from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland.
hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
_________ hormones are tropic hormones that are secreted by the anterior pituitary and promote the growth of cells and tissues.
growth (GH)
_______ are any sexual organs that produce gametes for reproduction.
gonads
The __________ hormone is a hypothalamic hormone that controls the release of luteinizing hormones and follicle-stimulating hormones from the pituitary.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
__________ are anterior pituitary tropic hormones that stimulate the cells of the gonads to produce sex steroids and gametes.
gonadotropins
___________ hormones are gonadotropins that stimulate the growth and maturation of egg-containing follicles and the secretion of estrogens from the follicles or sperm production in males.
follicle-stimulating (FSH)
__________ hormones are gonadotropins that stimulate effects on the ovarian corpora lutea.
luteinizing (LH)
_________ hormones stimulate the follicles of the ovary to rupture, release their eggs, and form into structures called corpora lutea that secrete sex steroid hormone progesterone, and testosterone in males.
luteinizing
__________ is a hormone, produced by male gonads, that controls a variety of bodily changes that become visible at puberty.
testosterone
__________ are any of a class of hormones that includes testosterone and similar steroids.
androgens
What two major classes of steroid hormones does the ovary produce?
progestins and estrogens
________ are any of a major class of steroid hormones that are produced by the ovary, including progesterone.
progestins
___________ are any of a class of steroid hormones, including estradiol, produced by female gonads.
estrogens
The most important naturally occurring estrogen is _____________, the primary type of estrogen secreted by the ovary.
estradiol
The primary type of progestin secreted by the ovary is ____________.
progesterone
The ______________ is the periodic occurrence of ovulation in females.
ovulatory cycle
The ovulatory cycle begins when ______ stimulates ovarian follicles to grow and secrete estrogens.
FSH
Estrogens induce the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to release ______, which triggers the release of an egg from a follicle (ovulation) and causes the follicle to develop as a corpus luteum.
LH
The corpus luteum secretes _________ for a limited time to maintain the uterus for pregnancy, but the if the female doesn’t become pregnant, the cycle starts again.
progesterone
Glands manufacture steroid hormones by using _________ to modify cholesterol into different steroids.
enzymes
Ovaries convert cholesterol into __________, and then convert those into androgens, which are then converted into __________.
progestins, estrogens
The __________ convert a small proportion of testosterone into estradiol, while the _________ convert most of the testosterone they make into estradiol.
testes, ovaries
The interactions between endocrine activity and behavior are ___________.
cyclical
_________ refers to a state in which a female advertises her readiness to mate through species-typical behaviors.
proceptive
_________ is the transfer of sperm from a male to a female.
copulation
____________ is the insertion of the penis into the vagina during copulation.
intromissions
The _________ is the opening from the outside of the body to the cervix and uterus in females.
vagina
_________ is a mixture of fluid and sperm that is released during ejaculation.
semen
The _____________ is a period following copulation during which an individual does not recommence copulation.
refractory phase
The __________ is the propensity of an animal that appears sexually satisfied with a current partner to resume sexual activity when provided with a new partner.
Coolidge effect
____________ refers to the state in which an individual is willing to copulate.
sexually receptive
________ is the period during which female animals are sexually receptive.
estrus
__________ is a female receptive posture in four-legged animals in which the hindquarters are raised and the tail is turned to one side.
lordosis
The ___________ is a hypothalamic region involved in sexual behaviors, eating, and aggression.
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
The VMH sends axons to the ______________, a midbrain region involved in pain perception.
periaqueductal gray
The ____________ is a region of the anterior hypothalamus implicated in the control of many behaviors, including sexual behavior, gonadotropin secretion, and thermoregulation.
medial preoptic area (mPOA)
The __________ is a collection of specialized receptor cells, near to but separate from the olfactory epithelium, that detect pheromones and send electrical signals to the accessory olfactory bulb in the brain.
vomeronasal organ (VNO)
The _________ is a portion of the amygdala that received olfactory and pheromonal information.
medial amygdala
________ refers to the surgical preparation that joins two animals to share a single blood supply.
parabiotic
__________ is the process by which individuals develop either male-like or female-like bodies and behavior.
sexual differentiation
The _______ gene is on the Y chromosome and directs the developing gonads to become testes.
SRY
In XX individuals, no Sry protein is produced, and the gonad becomes an __________.
ovary
