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PSYC 210 - Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 8 - Hormones and Sex > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Hormones and Sex Flashcards

1
Q

____________ are chemicals, secreted by endocrine glands, that are conveyed by the bloodstream and regulate target organs or tissues.

A

hormones

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2
Q

_________ secrete hormones into the bloodstream to act on distant targets.

A

endocrine glands

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3
Q

In endocrine communication, the chemical signal is a _________ released into the bloodstream to selectively affect distant target organs.

A

endocrine

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4
Q

____________ communication is when pheromones are released outside the body to affect other individuals of the same species.

A

pheromone

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5
Q

__________ communication occurs when allomones are released by members of one species to affect the behavior of individuals of another species.

A

allomone

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6
Q

What three categories do most hormones fall into?

A

peptide hormones, amine hormones, or steroid hormones

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7
Q

_________ hormones, or protein hormones, are hormones that consist of a string of amino acids.

A

peptide

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8
Q

Different peptide hormones consist of different combinations of between ___ and ___ amino acids.

A

2, 50

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9
Q

__________ hormones, or monoamine hormones, are composed of a single amino acid that has been modified into a related molecule, such as melatonin or epinephrine.

A

amine

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10
Q

__________ hormones are derived from cholesterol and thus share their structure of four rings of carbon atoms.

A

steroid

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11
Q

Because steroid dissolve readily in ________, they can pass through membranes easily.

A

lipids

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12
Q

Peptide and amine hormones bind to specific receptor proteins on the surface of the target cell and activate chemical signals inside the cell called _________________.

A

second messengers

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13
Q

_________ are slow-acting substances in a target cell that amplify the effects of synaptic or hormonal activity and regulate activity within the target cell.

A

second messengers

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14
Q

Steroid hormones easily pass through cell membranes, so their receptors are generally located ___________ the target cell.

A

inside

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15
Q

_________ hormones are typically slower acting than other hormones.

A

steroid

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16
Q

The _________ is a small, complex endocrine gland located in a socket at the base of the skull.

A

pituitary gland

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17
Q

The ___________ is a thin piece of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

A

pituitary stalk

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18
Q

A _____________ is a neuron that releases hormones into local or general circulation.

A

neuroendocrine cell

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19
Q

Neuroendocrine cells receive synaptic signals from other neurons and produce action potentials, yet secrete ___________ into the bloodstream.

A

hormones

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20
Q

The ___________ pituitary is the rear division of the pituitary gland that releases hormones.

A

posterior

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21
Q

Hormones in the posterior pituitary gland are produced by ___________ and ___________ neuroendocrine cells.

A

supraoptic, paraventricular

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22
Q

When an action potential arrives at a terminal, _________ or __________ is released from the posterior pituitary directly into the bloodstream.

A

oxytocin, vaopressin

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23
Q

___________ is a peptide hormone, released from the posterior pituitary, that triggers milk letdown in the nursing female and is also associated with a variety of complex behaviors.

A

oxytocin

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24
Q

__________ is a peptide hormone from the posterior pituitary that promotes water conservation and increases blood pressure.

A

vasopressin

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25
Q

The ___________ is a reflexive release of milk by the mammary glands of a nursing female in response to suckling or stimuli associated with suckling.

A

milk letdown reflex

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26
Q

In both men and women a pulse of _________ is released during orgasm.

A

oxytocin

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27
Q

In nonhuman animals, both ________ and _________ facilitate many social processes.

A

oxytocin, vasopressin

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28
Q

___________ are durable and exclusive relationships between two individuals.

A

pair-bonds

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29
Q

The __________ is the process whereby a system monitors its own output and reduces its activity when a set point is reached. The property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to reduce the effect of input signals.

A

negative feedback loop

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30
Q

The ________ pituitary is the front division of the pituitary gland and it secretes tropic hormones.

A

anterior

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31
Q

_________ hormones are hormones of any class of anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands.

A

tropic hormones

32
Q

To regulate the secretion of tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland, the hypothalamus uses peptide hormones called _____________ hormones.

A

releasing

33
Q

The __________ is an elaborate bed of blood vessels leading from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland.

A

hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

34
Q

_________ hormones are tropic hormones that are secreted by the anterior pituitary and promote the growth of cells and tissues.

A

growth (GH)

35
Q

_______ are any sexual organs that produce gametes for reproduction.

A

gonads

36
Q

The __________ hormone is a hypothalamic hormone that controls the release of luteinizing hormones and follicle-stimulating hormones from the pituitary.

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

37
Q

__________ are anterior pituitary tropic hormones that stimulate the cells of the gonads to produce sex steroids and gametes.

A

gonadotropins

38
Q

___________ hormones are gonadotropins that stimulate the growth and maturation of egg-containing follicles and the secretion of estrogens from the follicles or sperm production in males.

A

follicle-stimulating (FSH)

39
Q

__________ hormones are gonadotropins that stimulate effects on the ovarian corpora lutea.

A

luteinizing (LH)

40
Q

_________ hormones stimulate the follicles of the ovary to rupture, release their eggs, and form into structures called corpora lutea that secrete sex steroid hormone progesterone, and testosterone in males.

A

luteinizing

41
Q

__________ is a hormone, produced by male gonads, that controls a variety of bodily changes that become visible at puberty.

A

testosterone

42
Q

__________ are any of a class of hormones that includes testosterone and similar steroids.

A

androgens

43
Q

What two major classes of steroid hormones does the ovary produce?

A

progestins and estrogens

44
Q

________ are any of a major class of steroid hormones that are produced by the ovary, including progesterone.

A

progestins

45
Q

___________ are any of a class of steroid hormones, including estradiol, produced by female gonads.

A

estrogens

46
Q

The most important naturally occurring estrogen is _____________, the primary type of estrogen secreted by the ovary.

A

estradiol

47
Q

The primary type of progestin secreted by the ovary is ____________.

A

progesterone

48
Q

The ______________ is the periodic occurrence of ovulation in females.

A

ovulatory cycle

49
Q

The ovulatory cycle begins when ______ stimulates ovarian follicles to grow and secrete estrogens.

A

FSH

50
Q

Estrogens induce the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to release ______, which triggers the release of an egg from a follicle (ovulation) and causes the follicle to develop as a corpus luteum.

A

LH

51
Q

The corpus luteum secretes _________ for a limited time to maintain the uterus for pregnancy, but the if the female doesn’t become pregnant, the cycle starts again.

A

progesterone

52
Q

Glands manufacture steroid hormones by using _________ to modify cholesterol into different steroids.

A

enzymes

53
Q

Ovaries convert cholesterol into __________, and then convert those into androgens, which are then converted into __________.

A

progestins, estrogens

54
Q

The __________ convert a small proportion of testosterone into estradiol, while the _________ convert most of the testosterone they make into estradiol.

A

testes, ovaries

55
Q

The interactions between endocrine activity and behavior are ___________.

A

cyclical

56
Q

_________ refers to a state in which a female advertises her readiness to mate through species-typical behaviors.

A

proceptive

57
Q

_________ is the transfer of sperm from a male to a female.

A

copulation

58
Q

____________ is the insertion of the penis into the vagina during copulation.

A

intromissions

59
Q

The _________ is the opening from the outside of the body to the cervix and uterus in females.

A

vagina

60
Q

_________ is a mixture of fluid and sperm that is released during ejaculation.

A

semen

61
Q
A
62
Q

The _____________ is a period following copulation during which an individual does not recommence copulation.

A

refractory phase

63
Q

The __________ is the propensity of an animal that appears sexually satisfied with a current partner to resume sexual activity when provided with a new partner.

A

Coolidge effect

64
Q

____________ refers to the state in which an individual is willing to copulate.

A

sexually receptive

65
Q

________ is the period during which female animals are sexually receptive.

A

estrus

66
Q

__________ is a female receptive posture in four-legged animals in which the hindquarters are raised and the tail is turned to one side.

A

lordosis

67
Q

The ___________ is a hypothalamic region involved in sexual behaviors, eating, and aggression.

A

ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

68
Q

The VMH sends axons to the ______________, a midbrain region involved in pain perception.

A

periaqueductal gray

69
Q

The ____________ is a region of the anterior hypothalamus implicated in the control of many behaviors, including sexual behavior, gonadotropin secretion, and thermoregulation.

A

medial preoptic area (mPOA)

70
Q

The __________ is a collection of specialized receptor cells, near to but separate from the olfactory epithelium, that detect pheromones and send electrical signals to the accessory olfactory bulb in the brain.

A

vomeronasal organ (VNO)

71
Q

The _________ is a portion of the amygdala that received olfactory and pheromonal information.

A

medial amygdala

72
Q

________ refers to the surgical preparation that joins two animals to share a single blood supply.

A

parabiotic

73
Q

__________ is the process by which individuals develop either male-like or female-like bodies and behavior.

A

sexual differentiation

74
Q

The _______ gene is on the Y chromosome and directs the developing gonads to become testes.

A

SRY

75
Q

In XX individuals, no Sry protein is produced, and the gonad becomes an __________.

A

ovary

PSYC 210 - Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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