Chapter 8 - Hormones and Sex Flashcards
____________ are chemicals, secreted by endocrine glands, that are conveyed by the bloodstream and regulate target organs or tissues.
hormones
_________ secrete hormones into the bloodstream to act on distant targets.
endocrine glands
In endocrine communication, the chemical signal is a _________ released into the bloodstream to selectively affect distant target organs.
endocrine
____________ communication is when pheromones are released outside the body to affect other individuals of the same species.
pheromone
__________ communication occurs when allomones are released by members of one species to affect the behavior of individuals of another species.
allomone
What three categories do most hormones fall into?
peptide hormones, amine hormones, or steroid hormones
_________ hormones, or protein hormones, are hormones that consist of a string of amino acids.
peptide
Different peptide hormones consist of different combinations of between ___ and ___ amino acids.
2, 50
__________ hormones, or monoamine hormones, are composed of a single amino acid that has been modified into a related molecule, such as melatonin or epinephrine.
amine
__________ hormones are derived from cholesterol and thus share their structure of four rings of carbon atoms.
steroid
Because steroid dissolve readily in ________, they can pass through membranes easily.
lipids
Peptide and amine hormones bind to specific receptor proteins on the surface of the target cell and activate chemical signals inside the cell called _________________.
second messengers
_________ are slow-acting substances in a target cell that amplify the effects of synaptic or hormonal activity and regulate activity within the target cell.
second messengers
Steroid hormones easily pass through cell membranes, so their receptors are generally located ___________ the target cell.
inside
_________ hormones are typically slower acting than other hormones.
steroid
The _________ is a small, complex endocrine gland located in a socket at the base of the skull.
pituitary gland
The ___________ is a thin piece of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
pituitary stalk
A _____________ is a neuron that releases hormones into local or general circulation.
neuroendocrine cell
Neuroendocrine cells receive synaptic signals from other neurons and produce action potentials, yet secrete ___________ into the bloodstream.
hormones
The ___________ pituitary is the rear division of the pituitary gland that releases hormones.
posterior
Hormones in the posterior pituitary gland are produced by ___________ and ___________ neuroendocrine cells.
supraoptic, paraventricular
When an action potential arrives at a terminal, _________ or __________ is released from the posterior pituitary directly into the bloodstream.
oxytocin, vaopressin
___________ is a peptide hormone, released from the posterior pituitary, that triggers milk letdown in the nursing female and is also associated with a variety of complex behaviors.
oxytocin
__________ is a peptide hormone from the posterior pituitary that promotes water conservation and increases blood pressure.
vasopressin
The ___________ is a reflexive release of milk by the mammary glands of a nursing female in response to suckling or stimuli associated with suckling.
milk letdown reflex
In both men and women a pulse of _________ is released during orgasm.
oxytocin
In nonhuman animals, both ________ and _________ facilitate many social processes.
oxytocin, vasopressin
___________ are durable and exclusive relationships between two individuals.
pair-bonds
The __________ is the process whereby a system monitors its own output and reduces its activity when a set point is reached. The property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to reduce the effect of input signals.
negative feedback loop
The ________ pituitary is the front division of the pituitary gland and it secretes tropic hormones.
anterior