Unit 3 - stress Flashcards
In 1949, Marriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary defined stress as the action of __________, especially overstrain.
external forces
The term stress was borrowed from _________.
engineering
Walter Cannon introduced the ______________.
fight or flight response
Today, _________ can be defined as the state of mental tension and worry caused by problems in your life, work etc., something that causes strong feelings of worry or anxiety, or physical force or pressure.
stress
Stress can be defined as a person’s physical, emotional, or behavioral response to any event or demand, including _________, which can be positive or negative, as well as real or perceived.
change
Stress is the physiological response to a physical, mental, or emotional challenge, or __________ challenge, that activates the _________ nervous system and the __________.
perceived, sympathetic, HPA axis
Stress can be a challenge to __________ imposed by physical or pscyhological events.
homeostasis
Stress triggers a cascade of __________ and ___________ changes that facilitate the organism’s adjustment to, and control over, the stressor.
hormonal, behavioral
___________ implies that a stress response is triggers when needed and terminated thereafter.
effective coping
exaggerated or protracted stress response leads to _____________ changes in brain and/or immune system.
pathophysiological
The __________ is another critical physiological system that helps mediate our body’s response to stress.
HPA axis
The HPA axis backs up the “first response” action of the _______________ through secretion of __________.
sympathetic nervous system, glucocorticoids
When you feel stressed, the HPA axis releases ____________ from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus into a private circulatory system linked to the pituitary gland.
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
CRH binds to receptors in the pituitary gland which causes the release of ___________ into the blood.
adrenocorticotropin releasing hormone (ACTH)
ACTH binds to receptors on adrenal glands causing them to release ______________ into the blood.
glucocorticoids
____________ are stress hormones.
glucocorticoids (GCs)
_________ is the most well-known glucocorticoid in humans.
cortisol
_________ is the most well known glucocorticoid in rodents and other non-human animals.
corticosterone
__________ bind to receptors all over the body and in the brain to cause changes such as the stress response.
glucocorticoids
The hypothalamus responds to glucocorticoids to reduce __________ if they are high, a process known as the ___________ system.
CRH, negative feedback
what are the negative feedback mechanisms?
frontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala
The hippocampus is very _________, so you can get long lasting effects from the impact of glucocoritcoids.
plastic
Stress triggers the activation of the HPA axis, culminating in the production of glucocorticoids by the _________.
adrenal glands
Receptors for glucocorticoids are expressed throughout the brain, impacting _________.
memory
___________ can have potentially long-lasting effects on the functioning of the brain regions that regulate their release.
glucocorticoids
type of plasticity available in the hippocampus
long term potentiation
Stress increases circulating ___________ and decreases ___________. In a maze task, this _________ the number of errors.
glucocorticoids, long-term potentiation, increases
Stress-induced __________ damage has been observed in vervet monkeys. The stressed monkeys will experience decreased size of hippocampal area ________ and loss of neurons in areas _____.
hippocampal, CA3, CA4-CA1
Pregnant rhesus monkeys that were administered synthetic glucocorticoid or vehicle control delivered fetuses with reduced size of the _________ and fewer __________ in the hippocampus.
hippocampus, neurons
Caveat proposed that ____________, over time, can become more damaging than the stressor itself. We should be able to turn it on to deal with acute physical challenges, but also turn it off.
stress response
Stress can increase your risk of getting __________.
diseases
During acute stress, you ___________ arm of the __________ nervous system is activated.
sympathetic, autonomic
During acute stress rapid mobilization of energy from storage sites occurs, causing __________ of further storage. This holds off “long term” projects, such as digestion, and expensive projects, such as growth and reproduction.
inhibition
Acute stress can cause inhibition of the ___________ system.
immune
Acute stress can cause __________, or duller pain.
stress-induced analgesia
Acute stress causes senses to become _________.
sharper
The ____________ is an example of the effects mediated by the sympathetic arm of the autonomic nervous system.
fight or flight response
