Unit 3 - stress

Question 1

In 1949, Marriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary defined stress as the action of __________, especially overstrain.

Answer 1

external forces

Question 2

The term stress was borrowed from _________.

Answer 2

engineering

Question 3

Walter Cannon introduced the ______________.

Answer 3

fight or flight response

Question 4

Today, _________ can be defined as the state of mental tension and worry caused by problems in your life, work etc., something that causes strong feelings of worry or anxiety, or physical force or pressure.

Answer 4

stress

Question 5

Stress can be defined as a person’s physical, emotional, or behavioral response to any event or demand, including _________, which can be positive or negative, as well as real or perceived.

Answer 5

change

Question 6

Stress is the physiological response to a physical, mental, or emotional challenge, or __________ challenge, that activates the _________ nervous system and the __________.

Answer 6

perceived, sympathetic, HPA axis

Question 7

Stress can be a challenge to __________ imposed by physical or pscyhological events.

Answer 7

homeostasis

Question 8

Stress triggers a cascade of __________ and ___________ changes that facilitate the organism’s adjustment to, and control over, the stressor.

Answer 8

hormonal, behavioral

Question 9

___________ implies that a stress response is triggers when needed and terminated thereafter.

Answer 9

effective coping

Question 10

exaggerated or protracted stress response leads to _____________ changes in brain and/or immune system.

Answer 10

pathophysiological

Question 11

The __________ is another critical physiological system that helps mediate our body’s response to stress.

Answer 11

HPA axis

Question 12

The HPA axis backs up the “first response” action of the _______________ through secretion of __________.

Answer 12

sympathetic nervous system, glucocorticoids

Question 13

When you feel stressed, the HPA axis releases ____________ from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus into a private circulatory system linked to the pituitary gland.

Answer 13

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 14

CRH binds to receptors in the pituitary gland which causes the release of ___________ into the blood.

Answer 14

adrenocorticotropin releasing hormone (ACTH)

Question 15

ACTH binds to receptors on adrenal glands causing them to release ______________ into the blood.

Answer 15

glucocorticoids

Question 16

____________ are stress hormones.

Answer 16

glucocorticoids (GCs)

Question 17

_________ is the most well-known glucocorticoid in humans.

Answer 17

cortisol

Question 18

_________ is the most well known glucocorticoid in rodents and other non-human animals.

Answer 18

corticosterone

Question 19

__________ bind to receptors all over the body and in the brain to cause changes such as the stress response.

Answer 19

glucocorticoids

Question 20

The hypothalamus responds to glucocorticoids to reduce __________ if they are high, a process known as the ___________ system.

Answer 20

CRH, negative feedback

Question 21

what are the negative feedback mechanisms?

Answer 21

frontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala

Question 22

The hippocampus is very _________, so you can get long lasting effects from the impact of glucocoritcoids.

Answer 22

plastic

Question 23

Stress triggers the activation of the HPA axis, culminating in the production of glucocorticoids by the _________.

Answer 23

adrenal glands

Question 24

Receptors for glucocorticoids are expressed throughout the brain, impacting _________.

Answer 24

memory

Question 25

___________ can have potentially long-lasting effects on the functioning of the brain regions that regulate their release.

Answer 25

glucocorticoids

Question 26

type of plasticity available in the hippocampus

Answer 26

long term potentiation

Question 27

Stress increases circulating ___________ and decreases ___________. In a maze task, this _________ the number of errors.

Answer 27

glucocorticoids, long-term potentiation, increases

Question 28

Stress-induced __________ damage has been observed in vervet monkeys. The stressed monkeys will experience decreased size of hippocampal area ________ and loss of neurons in areas _____.

Answer 28

hippocampal, CA3, CA4-CA1

Question 29

Pregnant rhesus monkeys that were administered synthetic glucocorticoid or vehicle control delivered fetuses with reduced size of the _________ and fewer __________ in the hippocampus.

Answer 29

hippocampus, neurons

Question 30

Caveat proposed that ____________, over time, can become more damaging than the stressor itself. We should be able to turn it on to deal with acute physical challenges, but also turn it off.

Answer 30

stress response

Question 31

Stress can increase your risk of getting __________.

Answer 31

diseases

Question 32

During acute stress, you ___________ arm of the __________ nervous system is activated.

Answer 32

sympathetic, autonomic

Question 33

During acute stress rapid mobilization of energy from storage sites occurs, causing __________ of further storage. This holds off “long term” projects, such as digestion, and expensive projects, such as growth and reproduction.

Answer 33

inhibition

Question 34

Acute stress can cause inhibition of the ___________ system.

Answer 34

immune

Question 35

Acute stress can cause __________, or duller pain.

Answer 35

stress-induced analgesia

Question 36

Acute stress causes senses to become _________.

Answer 36

sharper

Question 37

The ____________ is an example of the effects mediated by the sympathetic arm of the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 37

fight or flight response