Unit 3: Movement Flashcards
The brain processes information from outside and internal information and predicts the ___________.
future
__________ allow the brain to do its function.
neurons
Information comes from the _________ neurons and they send __________-.
presynaptic, action potentials
_________ neurons are located primarily in the spinal cord and somewhat in the brainstem.
lower motor neurons
Local circuit neurons manage ____________ integration.
lower motor neuron
Motor neuron pools manage _____________ neurons.
lower motor
When sensory inputs enter the local circuit neurons, it allows ___________ integration. The motor neuron pools release __________ neurons to the _________ muscles.
lower motor neuron, lower motor, skeletal
____________ motor neurons are located primarily in the cerebral cortex.
upper motor
The __________ controls sensory motor coordination.
cerebellum
The _________ controls planning, initiating, and directing voluntary movements.
motor cortex
The _________ control basic movements and postural control.
brainstem centers
The descending systems include the __________ and _________ and __________ motor neurons.
motor cortex, brainstem centers, upper
The ___________ is in charge of gating proper initiation of movement.
basal ganglia
What are the two types of muscle receptors?
golgi tendon organs and muscle spindle receptors
The golgi tendon organs sense ____________.
tension
What are the two types of muscle spindle receptors?
primary sensory endings and secondary sensory endings
primary sensory endings innervate the __________ region of the muscle spindle and sense __________.
central, stretch
secondary sensory endings innervate the thin ends of the ___________ and sense ________ of stretch.
muscle spindle, speed
Lower motor neurons are located in the __________ and ___________.
spinal cord, brainstem
Lower motor neurons located in the brainstem send axons to muscles of the _________.
head
Lower motor neurons located in the spinal cord send axons to muscles of the ____________.
rest of the body
Each motor neurons innervates multiple muscle fibers, but individual muscles fibers are only innervated by a _________ motor neuron.
single
Muscles are activated when sensory information enters the spinal cord via the ___________. Motor information then exits the spinal cord via the ___________. Muscles receive neural input from ___________ in the spinal cord, which release __________.
dorsal root, ventral root, motor neurons, acetylcholine (ACh)
____________ refers to the fact that muscles are arranged in opposite pairs with extensors and flexors.
antagonistic pairs
An individual muscle can only generate movement in ________ direction (s).
one
Biceps and triceps are an example of ____________.
antagonistic pairs
Everything needs to generate a motor movement in response to sensory information is present in the ___________ and ____________.
spinal cord, corresponding body part
To generate a motor movement in response to sensory information, the sensory information enters the spinal cord via the ___________. The information can be conveyed to the __________ within the spinal cord, which send signals out of the spinal cord via the __________ to muscle fibers in order to initiate movement.
dorsal root, motor neurons, ventral root
__________ refers to the fact that there is a complex circuity present in the spinal cord alone resulting in locomotor activity.
fixed action patterns (FAP)
What are the four descending projections from the brainstem to the spinal cord?
tectospinal tract, rubrospinal tract, reticulospinal tract, vestibulospinal tract
The tectospinal tract controls ________ musculature and generates ________ & ___________ movements.
neck, head, eye
The rubrospinal tract controls _______ musculature.
arm
The reticulospinal tract controls __________ and __________ coordination of movement.
temporal, spatial
The reticulospinal tract modulates __________ and __________ outflow to the heart and blood vessels, helping control _________, heart rate, and blood vessel constriction or dilation.
sympathetic, parasympathetic, blood pressure
The reticulospinal tract transmits signals to _________ motor neurons that control muscles involved in breathing.
respiratory
The vestibulospinal tract mediates _________ and _________, controls _______ and __________ muscles and controls _________ during body movement.
balance, posture, axial, antigravity, eye fixation
The descending projections from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord make up the __________ tract.
pyramidal
What are the 3 motor cortices?
primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, and premotor cortex
The __________ motor area is in control of planning movements.
supplementary
The __________ cortex plans and controls limb movements.
premotor
The motor cortex has a __________ representation of the body, meaning that adjacent body parts are represented on adjacent portions of the cortex.
topographic
The ___________ motor cortex controls voluntary movements of the contralateral side of the body.
primary
_________ in the primary motor cortex are large pyramidal cells that project to the spinal cord.
Betz
__________ recording is when electrodes are surgically implanted in the brain and then action potentials generated by individual neurons are extracellularly recorded. The behavior of the animal is recorded at the same time, and the behavior is related to the firing of a single neuron.
in vivo single neuron
_________ recording is when electrodes are posiitoned outside of the neurons.
extracellular
Action potentials recorded extracellularly deflect __________.
downward
Single neuron recordings can average out the _________ of _________.
pattern, action potentials
Common representation of spiking activity during a single neuron recording is a ________.
raster plot
In a raster plot each spike is represented with a single ________ dash, and each trial is represented on a single _______.
vertical, row
Spikes during a single neuron recording can be summed across trials in a _________.
histogram
The trial measuring the firing rate in monkeys found that neuron ________ firing rate when the monkey moves arm to the left 180 degrees. When the monkey moves arm to the right 0 degrees, the neuron ________ firing rate.
increases, decreases
___________ = # of action potentials / amount of time
firing rate (Hz)
The __________ is an evolutionary conserved structure sitting below the cerebral cortexa long the brainstem.
cerebellum
The cerebellum controls basic ___________ of limbs, _______ movement, balance, and muscle _________.
coordination, eye, tone
The cerebellum is important for feedback and updating motor movements based on sensory information, known as ____________.
error correction
What are the three functional components of the cerebellum?
vermis & anterior lobe, posterior lobe, and flocculonodular lobe
The ________ lobes of the cerebellum control motor coordination and limb control.
vermis & anterior lobes
The ________ lobe of the cerebellum controls initation/planning and timing.
posterior
The _________ lobe of the cerebellum is associated with vestibular control.
flocculonodular
The motor and premotor cortex are major inputs that relay _________.
pontine nuclei
The cerebellum has ________, meaning there are multiple layers that fold in and out on themselves.
infolds
What are the three layers of the cerebellar cortex?
molecular, purkinje, and granular
The _______ layer of the cerebellar cortex is made of dendrites of Purkinje cells.
molecular
What two types of interneurons are the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex?
stellate cells and basket cells
The _________ cell layer of the cerebellar cortex is made of Purkinje cell bodies.
Purkinje
The __________ cell layer of the cerebellar cortex is made of granule cell bodies and golgi cells.
granular
_________ are known for their extensive dendrites.
Purkinge cells
Somas (cell bodies) of Purkinje are located in the ________ cell layer.
Purkinje
Dendrites in the molecular layer are _____ and _________, but ________.
large, branching, 2D
Dendrites in the molecular layer receive more __________ than any other neuron, estimating as high as __________ dendritic spines.
synaptic inputs, 200,000
Purkinje cells are ________, so they tend to be inhibitory.
GABAergic
The three layers of infolds in the cerebellum are constantly curving in and out along the deep ___________ and inferior _______.
cerebellar nuclei, olive
The somas of Granule cells are located in the _______ layer, along with the short dendrites
Granule
Granule cells tend to be excitatory, making them ________.
Glutamatergic
Granule cells have axons that exit the cell bodies and move towards the outer surface of the ___________ and synphase onto the dendrites of __________ cells.
cerebellum, Purkinje
___________ refers to Granule cell axons projecting to the molecular layer by splitting into two branches running opposite directions making a ‘T’ appearance.
parallel fibers
What are the two external inputs to the cerebellar cortex?
climbing fibers and mossy fibers
________ are external inputs that contain axons of cells in the inferior olive (brainstem)
climbing fibers
Climbing fibers and mossy fibers are both _________.
glutamatergic
Climbing fibers synapse onto __________ cell dendrites, contacting 1-10 cells.
Purkinje
___________ are external inputs to the cerebellar cortex from the pontine nuclei (brainstem).
Mossy fibers
Mossy fibers contact ___________ cells, and the full pathway is _________________.
Granule, corticopontocerebellar
_________ cells are the primary output from the cerebellar cortex.
Purkinje
Purkinje cells project to deep cerebellar nuclei, then the ________, then the cerebral cortex.
thalamus
The anatomical loop is helpful for _________ and __________.
learning, error correction
Cerebellum damage can have an effect on ________ traits depending upon the region damaged.
behavioral
The ___________ is a group of interconnected subcortical brain structures.
basal ganglia
In primates, the caudate and putamen of the basal ganglia are _______, while in rodents they are ___________ into a single structure called the _______.
separate, combined, striatum
What are the two projections from the cortex to striatum in the basal ganglia?
pyramidal tract and intertelencephalic tract
___________ tract neurons are upper motor neurons that project to the brainstem and spinal cord.
pyramidal
__________ neurons are motor cortex neurons that do not project to the brainstem and spinal cord, but only to the striatum.
intertelencephalic
Different sets of neurons in the striatum give rise to the ________ and _________ pathways to the GPi and SNR.
direct, indirect
Direct pathway neurons send axons to the _________ and __________.
Globus Pallidus Internal Segment (GPi) and Substantia Nigra pars reticulata (SNR)
The indirect pathway neurons send axons to the ___________, which projects to the subthalamic nucleus (STN). The STN sends axons to the _____ and _______.
globus pallidus external segment (GPe), GPi, SNR
GPi and SNR send axons to the _________, which projects back to the cerebral cortex. This completes the ___________ loop.
thalamus, cortico-striatal
Decreasing the activity of the glutamate neuron will _________ the number of action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron. Increasing will have the opposite effect.
decrease
Increasing the activity of the GABA neuron will __________ the number of action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron. Decreasing will have the opposite effect.
decrease
Increasing the direct pathway activity in the basal ganglia will result in ________ locomotion. Increasing the indirect pathway activity will result in ______ locomotion.
more, less
The D2 receptor is _________, while the D1 receptor is ________.
inhibitory, excitatory
