Chapter 10 - Biological Rhythms and Sleep Flashcards
A _____________ is a regular fluctuation in any living process.
biological rhythm
A ___________ is a pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24-hour period.
circadian rhythm
___________ refers to a rhythmic biological event with a period shorter than a day, usually from several minutes to several hours long.
ultradian
______________ rhythms are seen in behaviors such as bouts of activity, feeding, and hormone release.
ultradian
__________ rhythms refer to a biological rhythm that takes more than a day.
infradian
The human menstrual cycle is an example of a __________ rhythm.
infradian
______________ is the process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus.
entrainment
What actually triggers breeding seasons in animals?
light exposure
A ___________ is a shift in the activity of a biological rhythm, typically provided by a synchronizing environmental stimulus, such as light.
phase shift
The _____________ is a small region of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm that is the location of a circadian clock.
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
A lesion in the SCN can completely eliminate _________________.
endogenous rhythm
Most vertebrates have ________________ outside the eye that entrain their circadian rhythms.
photoreceptors
The ___________ secretes melatonin at night to inform the brain about day length.
pineal gland
___________ is an amine hormone that signals day length to the brain.
melatonin
The ______________ is the route by which specialized retinal ganglion cells send their axons to the suprachiasmatic nuclei.
retinohypothalamic pathway
___________ is a photopigment found in those retinal ganglion cells that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
melanopsin
What are the two distinct classes of sleep?
rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep
___________ is a pattern of EEG activity compromising a mix of many different high frequencies with low amplitude.
beta activity
A fully awake person will display a pattern of ______________.
beta activity
_________ rhythms appear during relaxation.
alpha
Sharp waves called __________ define stage 1 sleep.
vertex spikes
Brief periods of _________ and _____________ are characteristic of stage 2 sleep.
sleep spindles, K complexes
Stage 3 slow-wave sleep is recognized by large, slow __________ waves.
delta.
Despite deep muscle relaxation, the EEG activity in ________ resembles that of waking.
REM sleep
The _________ rhythm is a brain potential of 8-12 Hz that occurs during relaxed wakefulness.
alpha
________ are a sharp-wave EEG pattern that is seen during stage 1 sleep.
vertex spikes
__________ is the initial stage of non-REM sleep, which is characterized by small-amplitude EEG waves of irregular frequency, slow heart rate, and reduced muscle tension.
stage 1 sleep
___________ is a stage of sleep that is defined by bursts of EEG waves called sleep spindles.
stage 2 sleep
_________ are a characteristic of 12-14 Hz waves in the EEG of a person said to be in stage 2 sleep.
sleep spindles
_________ are sharp, negative EEG potential that are seen in stage 2 sleep.
K complexes
When will people typically deny having been asleep if awoken?
During the first two stages of sleep
__________, or slow-wave sleep, is a stage of non-REM sleep that is defined by the presence of large-amplitude, slow delta waves.
stage 3 sleep
__________ are the slowest type of EEG wave, about 1 per second, that are characteristic of stage 3 sleep.
delta waves
__________ sleep occurs when the EEG displays a pattern of small-amplitude, high-frequency activity during which the eyes of the person are darting rapidly under their lids.
REM sleep
________ refers to the complete absence of muscle tone that occurs during REM sleep.
atonia
Atonia appears during REM sleep because brainstem regions are inhibiting __________ neurons.
motor
REM sleep is accompanied by irregular _______ and ___________, and we often experience _____________.
breathing, pulse rate, vivid dreams
About half of our sleep occurs during __________ sleep.
stage 2
REM sleep accounts for about _____ percent of total sleep.
20
___________ sleep, during which the pituitary gland releases growth hormones, occurs more early in the night.
stage 3
_______ sleep is more prominent in the later cycles of sleep.
REM
What makes dreams during REM sleep distinctive?
visual imagery
___________ is a sudden arousal from stage 3 sleep that is marked by intense fear and autonomic activation.
night terror
The ___________ theory suggests that our experiences in REM sleep are the more or less random results of which neurons happen to get activated.
activation-synthesis
A stable pattern of sleep at night doesn’t occur until about __ weeks of age.
16
Infant mammals show a large percentage of _________ sleep.
REM
The preponderance of REM sleep early in life suggests that this state provides stimulation that is essential to ____________ of the nervous system.
maturation
As we age, our total amount of sleep ________ and our number of awakenings _____________.
decrease, increase
In humans and other mammals, the most dramatic decline in sleep as we age is in ___________ sleep.
stage 3
___________ is the partial or total prevention of sleep.
sleep deprivation
___________ is the process of sleeping more than normally after a period of sleep deprivation, as though in compensation.
sleep recovery
___________ is an inherited disease that causes people in middle age to stop sleeping, which after a few months results in death.
fatal familial insomnia
What four functions are most often ascribed to sleep?
energy conservation, niche adaptation, body and brain restoration, and memory consolidation
Sleep is an __________ state activated by the forebrain system, brainstem system, pontine system, and hypothalamic system.
active
The __________ system generate SWS.
forebrain
The _________ system activates the sleeping forebrain into wakefulness.
brainstem
The _________ system triggers REM sleep.
pontine
The ____________ system coordinates the other three brain regions to determines which state of sleep we’re in.
hypothalamic
The __________ is an extensive region of the brainstem that is involved in arousal.
reticular formation
The __________ is a small nucleus in the brainstem whose neurons produce norepinephrine and modulate large areas of the forebrain.
locus coeruleus
The locus coeruleus is an area of the pons that is important for _______ sleep.
REM
__________ is a disorder that involves frequent, intense episodes of sleep, which last from 5 to 30 minutes and can occur anytime during the usual waking hours.
narcolepsy
___________ is a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse of the body without loss of consciousness.
cataplexy
For both people and dogs with narcolepsy, they often show __________ sleep immediately upon falling asleep.
REM
__________, or hypocretin, is a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in switching between sleep states, in narcolepsy, and in the control of appetite.
orexin
__________ normally keeps sleep at bay and prevents the transition of wakefulness directly into REM sleep.
orexin
The neurons that produce orexin are found in the _____________.
hypothalamus
_________ is a state, during the transition to or from sleep, in which the ability to move or talk is temporarily lost.
sleep paralysis
____________ insomnia is difficulty falling asleep, while ____________ insomnia is difficulty remaining asleep.
sleep-onset, sleep-maintenance
____________ is known as the perception of not having been asleep when in fact the person has been.
sleep state misperception
____________ is a sleep disorder in which respiration slows or stops periodically, waking the sleeper.
