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PSYC 210 - Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 10 - Biological Rhythms and Sleep > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Biological Rhythms and Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

A _____________ is a regular fluctuation in any living process.

A

biological rhythm

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2
Q

A ___________ is a pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24-hour period.

A

circadian rhythm

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3
Q

___________ refers to a rhythmic biological event with a period shorter than a day, usually from several minutes to several hours long.

A

ultradian

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4
Q

______________ rhythms are seen in behaviors such as bouts of activity, feeding, and hormone release.

A

ultradian

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5
Q

__________ rhythms refer to a biological rhythm that takes more than a day.

A

infradian

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6
Q

The human menstrual cycle is an example of a __________ rhythm.

A

infradian

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7
Q

______________ is the process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus.

A

entrainment

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8
Q

What actually triggers breeding seasons in animals?

A

light exposure

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9
Q

A ___________ is a shift in the activity of a biological rhythm, typically provided by a synchronizing environmental stimulus, such as light.

A

phase shift

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10
Q

The _____________ is a small region of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm that is the location of a circadian clock.

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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11
Q

A lesion in the SCN can completely eliminate _________________.

A

endogenous rhythm

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12
Q

Most vertebrates have ________________ outside the eye that entrain their circadian rhythms.

A

photoreceptors

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13
Q

The ___________ secretes melatonin at night to inform the brain about day length.

A

pineal gland

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14
Q

___________ is an amine hormone that signals day length to the brain.

A

melatonin

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15
Q

The ______________ is the route by which specialized retinal ganglion cells send their axons to the suprachiasmatic nuclei.

A

retinohypothalamic pathway

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16
Q

___________ is a photopigment found in those retinal ganglion cells that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

A

melanopsin

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17
Q

What are the two distinct classes of sleep?

A

rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep

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18
Q

___________ is a pattern of EEG activity compromising a mix of many different high frequencies with low amplitude.

A

beta activity

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19
Q

A fully awake person will display a pattern of ______________.

A

beta activity

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20
Q

_________ rhythms appear during relaxation.

A

alpha

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21
Q

Sharp waves called __________ define stage 1 sleep.

A

vertex spikes

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22
Q

Brief periods of _________ and _____________ are characteristic of stage 2 sleep.

A

sleep spindles, K complexes

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23
Q

Stage 3 slow-wave sleep is recognized by large, slow __________ waves.

A

delta.

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24
Q

Despite deep muscle relaxation, the EEG activity in ________ resembles that of waking.

A

REM sleep

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25
Q

The _________ rhythm is a brain potential of 8-12 Hz that occurs during relaxed wakefulness.

A

alpha

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26
Q

________ are a sharp-wave EEG pattern that is seen during stage 1 sleep.

A

vertex spikes

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27
Q

__________ is the initial stage of non-REM sleep, which is characterized by small-amplitude EEG waves of irregular frequency, slow heart rate, and reduced muscle tension.

A

stage 1 sleep

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28
Q

___________ is a stage of sleep that is defined by bursts of EEG waves called sleep spindles.

A

stage 2 sleep

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29
Q

_________ are a characteristic of 12-14 Hz waves in the EEG of a person said to be in stage 2 sleep.

A

sleep spindles

30
Q

_________ are sharp, negative EEG potential that are seen in stage 2 sleep.

A

K complexes

31
Q

When will people typically deny having been asleep if awoken?

A

During the first two stages of sleep

32
Q

__________, or slow-wave sleep, is a stage of non-REM sleep that is defined by the presence of large-amplitude, slow delta waves.

A

stage 3 sleep

33
Q

__________ are the slowest type of EEG wave, about 1 per second, that are characteristic of stage 3 sleep.

A

delta waves

34
Q

__________ sleep occurs when the EEG displays a pattern of small-amplitude, high-frequency activity during which the eyes of the person are darting rapidly under their lids.

A

REM sleep

35
Q

________ refers to the complete absence of muscle tone that occurs during REM sleep.

A

atonia

36
Q

Atonia appears during REM sleep because brainstem regions are inhibiting __________ neurons.

A

motor

37
Q

REM sleep is accompanied by irregular _______ and ___________, and we often experience _____________.

A

breathing, pulse rate, vivid dreams

38
Q

About half of our sleep occurs during __________ sleep.

A

stage 2

39
Q

REM sleep accounts for about _____ percent of total sleep.

A

20

40
Q

___________ sleep, during which the pituitary gland releases growth hormones, occurs more early in the night.

A

stage 3

41
Q

_______ sleep is more prominent in the later cycles of sleep.

A

REM

42
Q

What makes dreams during REM sleep distinctive?

A

visual imagery

43
Q

___________ is a sudden arousal from stage 3 sleep that is marked by intense fear and autonomic activation.

A

night terror

44
Q

The ___________ theory suggests that our experiences in REM sleep are the more or less random results of which neurons happen to get activated.

A

activation-synthesis

45
Q

A stable pattern of sleep at night doesn’t occur until about __ weeks of age.

A

16

46
Q

Infant mammals show a large percentage of _________ sleep.

A

REM

47
Q

The preponderance of REM sleep early in life suggests that this state provides stimulation that is essential to ____________ of the nervous system.

A

maturation

48
Q

As we age, our total amount of sleep ________ and our number of awakenings _____________.

A

decrease, increase

49
Q
A
50
Q

In humans and other mammals, the most dramatic decline in sleep as we age is in ___________ sleep.

A

stage 3

51
Q

___________ is the partial or total prevention of sleep.

A

sleep deprivation

52
Q

___________ is the process of sleeping more than normally after a period of sleep deprivation, as though in compensation.

A

sleep recovery

53
Q

___________ is an inherited disease that causes people in middle age to stop sleeping, which after a few months results in death.

A

fatal familial insomnia

54
Q

What four functions are most often ascribed to sleep?

A

energy conservation, niche adaptation, body and brain restoration, and memory consolidation

55
Q

Sleep is an __________ state activated by the forebrain system, brainstem system, pontine system, and hypothalamic system.

A

active

56
Q

The __________ system generate SWS.

A

forebrain

57
Q

The _________ system activates the sleeping forebrain into wakefulness.

A

brainstem

58
Q

The _________ system triggers REM sleep.

A

pontine

59
Q

The ____________ system coordinates the other three brain regions to determines which state of sleep we’re in.

A

hypothalamic

60
Q

The __________ is an extensive region of the brainstem that is involved in arousal.

A

reticular formation

61
Q

The __________ is a small nucleus in the brainstem whose neurons produce norepinephrine and modulate large areas of the forebrain.

A

locus coeruleus

62
Q

The locus coeruleus is an area of the pons that is important for _______ sleep.

A

REM

63
Q

__________ is a disorder that involves frequent, intense episodes of sleep, which last from 5 to 30 minutes and can occur anytime during the usual waking hours.

A

narcolepsy

64
Q

___________ is a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse of the body without loss of consciousness.

A

cataplexy

65
Q

For both people and dogs with narcolepsy, they often show __________ sleep immediately upon falling asleep.

A

REM

66
Q

__________, or hypocretin, is a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in switching between sleep states, in narcolepsy, and in the control of appetite.

A

orexin

67
Q

__________ normally keeps sleep at bay and prevents the transition of wakefulness directly into REM sleep.

A

orexin

68
Q

The neurons that produce orexin are found in the _____________.

A

hypothalamus

69
Q

_________ is a state, during the transition to or from sleep, in which the ability to move or talk is temporarily lost.

A

sleep paralysis

70
Q

____________ insomnia is difficulty falling asleep, while ____________ insomnia is difficulty remaining asleep.

A

sleep-onset, sleep-maintenance

71
Q

____________ is known as the perception of not having been asleep when in fact the person has been.

A

sleep state misperception

72
Q

____________ is a sleep disorder in which respiration slows or stops periodically, waking the sleeper.

A

PSYC 210 - Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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