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PSYC 210 - Behavioral Neuroscience > Unit 3 - Learning & Memory > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Learning & Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Process by which experience results in changes in behavior.

A

learning

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2
Q

internal record of past experiences acquired through learning

A

memory

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3
Q

What are the two categories of memory?

A

declarative, nondeclarative

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4
Q

_______ memory is a broad class of memories that can typically be verbalized or explicitly communicated in some other way.

A

declarative

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5
Q

________ memory is a broad class of memory that cannot be verbalized and that are not always consciously accesible.

A

nondeclarative

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6
Q

What are the 4 categories of nondeclarative memory?

A

skill/motor/procedural, priming, conditioning, and nonassociative

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7
Q

What are the two categories of declarative memory?

A

episodic, semantic

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8
Q

Everything is _______ the first time it happens to you, but events become _________ after repeated epxosure.

A

novel, mundane

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9
Q

Through _________, you learn not to respond to particular events.

A

repetition

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10
Q

a decrease in the strength of occurrence of a behavior after repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces that behavior

A

habituation

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11
Q

When examining habituation, researchers use simple examples that often involve a single, easily controlled _________ and a single, easily measurable ________.

A

stimulus, response

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12
Q

defensive response to a startling stimulus

A

acoustic startle reflex

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13
Q

an organism’s innate reaction to a novel stimulus.

A

orienting response

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14
Q

The orienting response can be seen in infants when they are presented with a novel visual stimulus and fixate on it. With repeated presentations, the duration of the fixation will _________.

A

decrease

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15
Q

__________ refers to the fact that habituation to one event does not cause habituation to every other stimulus in the same sensory modality.

A

stimulus specificity

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16
Q

Habituation is not the result of _______-.

A

fatigue

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17
Q

A less arousing stimulus will result in ____________ habituation.

A

faster

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18
Q

A greater number of presentations of a stimulus creates ______ habituation.

A

more

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19
Q

Closely spaced repetitions of a stimulus (massed) creates ________ habituation.

A

faster

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20
Q

Repeated exposures to a stimulus that are spread out over time (spaced) create a ___________ duration habituation.

A

longer

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21
Q

phenomenon in which an arousing stimulus leads to stronger responses to a later stimulus

A

sensitization

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22
Q

________ presentations of a stimulus are required for habituation than sensitization.

A

fewer

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23
Q

Sensitization is not stimulus specific, so presentation of one stimulus can enhance response of a _______ stimulus.

A

different

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24
Q

Habituation and sensitization are both forms of __________ learning.

A

nonassociative

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25
Q

What are the 2 forms of associative learning?

A

classical and operant conditioning

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26
Q

Known for developing methods for studying animal learning that are still widespread today (classical conditioning)

A

Ivan Pavlov

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27
Q

a form of learning in which the organism acquires the expectation that a given stimulus predicts a specific response upcoming important event - also called Pavlovian conditioning

A

classical conditioning

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28
Q

What are the basic concepts of classical conditioning?

A

unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

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29
Q

a cue that has some biological significance and that naturally evokes a response

A

unconditioned stimulus

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30
Q

the naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

A

unconditioned response

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31
Q

In addition to an unconditioned stimulus and response, we need a ________ stimulus that does not elicit the unconditioned response.

A

neutral

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32
Q

During classical conditioning training, the neutral stimulus is paired with the ___________ stimulus.

A

unconditioned

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33
Q

In classical conditioning training, the ____________ stimulus initially causes the unconditioned response. With repeated pairings, a learned association develops between a _________ stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

A

unconditioned, neutral

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34
Q

a cue that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and elicits a conditoined response (CR)

A

conditioned stimulus

35
Q

trained response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

conditioned response (CR)

36
Q

Some of _________ most influential studies involved observing how cats learn to escape from puzzle boxes (operant conditioning)

A

Edward Thorndike’s

37
Q

organism learns to make a response in order to obtain or avoid important consequences (instrumental conditioning)

A

operant conditioning

38
Q

In operant conditioning, the organism’s behavior is _________ in determining whether the consequences occur.

A

instrumental

39
Q

In __________ conditioning, organisms experience an outcome (US) regardless of whether or not they perform the conditioned response (CR).

A

classical

40
Q

In _________ conditioning, the outcome depends on whether the organism performs the response.

A

operant

41
Q

__________ learning includes habituation and sensitization, while __________ learning includes classical and operant conditioning.

A

non-associative, associative

42
Q

explained how rats are like humans in that they are intrinsically motivated to learn the general layout of mazes by forming what he called a cognitive map

A

edward tolman

43
Q

an internal psychological representation of the spatial layout of the external world

A

cognitive map

44
Q

learning that is unconnected to a consequence and remains undetected until explicitly demonstrated at a later stage

A

latent learning

45
Q

What are the subregions of the hippocampus?

A

dentate gyrus, CA3, CA1, and subiculum

46
Q

firing rate of a neuron is represented as a function of space

A

spatial ratemap

47
Q

small area of increased activity

A

place field

48
Q

________ cells are found in the hippocampus.

A

place

49
Q

Place cells have _________ coding.

A

spatial

50
Q

In cognitive maps, each square is a __________ for one neuron. Different __________ code for different locations. All together, there are place fields covering the entire open field.

A

spatial ratemap, place cells

51
Q

the 360 degrees that a rate can be facing in a cognitive map are correspondingly represented around the circle

A

polar ratemap

52
Q

In a polar ratemap, head direction is __________ of spatial location, so firing is dispersed throughout the open field.

A

independent

53
Q

Over the population of head direction cells all _________ are coded in the polar ratemap.

A

directions

54
Q

A ____________ will be created even if the rat is simply walking around the maze without purpose, indicating a potential role in latent learning.

A

cognitive map

55
Q

The overhead view of the open field in the cognitive map records action potentials from a single neuron in the ____________ while rats explore an open field.

A

hippocampus

56
Q

________ lines in the cognitive map show the path the rat took through the open field.

A

black

57
Q

_________ in a cognitive map show the location of the rat when the neuron fired an action potential.

A

red dots

58
Q

In order to get a change in _______________ there must be a change somewhere in the brain.

A

behavior

59
Q

a physical change in the brain that forms the basis of memory

A

engram

60
Q

___________ lesioned different amounts of the cortex and observed the effects on rats’ performance in a maze.

A

Karl Lashley

61
Q

Lashley found that the lesion _________ correlated with number of _______ rats made in the maze. _________ lesions resulted in more errors.

A

size, errors, larger

62
Q

The ________ is distributed and not stored in any one brain region.

A

engram

63
Q

“connected” neurons are actually separated by a narrow gap called a _______, about _____ nanometers.

A

synapse, 20

64
Q

Chemicals are passed across presynaptic and postsynaptic __________ between neurons.

A

synapses

65
Q

Most synapses are formed between the ______ of one neuron and the __________ of another neuron.

A

axon, dendrite

66
Q

small protruding extension of a dendritic membrane that is a contact location for a single axon terminal

A

dendritic spine

67
Q

_________ area a small store of neurotransmitter.

A

vesicles

68
Q

In what ways can the brain change?

A

signal transmission and structural change

69
Q

The _________ environment includes food and water, while the ___________ environment includes food and water, toys, other animals, and learning opportunities.

A

standard/deprived, enriched

70
Q

Enriched environment results in ________ and ________ dendritic branches with a greater number of connections. This is better for ___________.

A

more, longer, learning performance

71
Q

_________ changes take time.

A

structural

72
Q

__________ developed severe epilepsy as a child and by age 16 had regularly debilitating seizures that left him unconscious. Doctors tried to treat him through surgery, which caused him to develop anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

A

Patient H.M.

73
Q

unable to form new episodic memories

A

anterograde amnesia

74
Q

loss of memories for recent events, but intact memories for events further back in time

A

retrograde amnesia

75
Q

memory for a personal experience of specific autobiographical events; includes information about the spatial and temporal contexts in which the event occurred.

A

episodic memory

76
Q

memory for facts and general knowledge about the world, including general personal information

A

semantic memory

77
Q

While __________ memory can be acquired from only a single exposure, __________ memory can be acquired in a single exposure or through repetition.

A

episodic,semantic

78
Q

_________ memory only involves factual information.

A

semantic

79
Q

Both episodic and semantic memory are dependent on the ________ lobe.

A

Medial Temporal

80
Q

Episodic memories are initially encoded and stored in the ___________, which repeatedly sends memory representation to the cortex. Eventually, memory is stored in the _________.

A

hippocampus, cortex

81
Q

The ___________ is the main source of acetylcholine to cortical structures.

A

basal forebrain

82
Q

Pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei are main source of ___________ to the brainstem and cerebellum.

A

acetylcholine

83
Q

High acetylcholine in the neocortex results in __________ in the hippocampus. Low acetylcholine results in _______, promoting transfer to cortex.

A

encoding, consolidation

84
Q

If there is not enough time to ____________ the memory in the cortex, the memory is still dependent on the hippocampus. If there is sufficient time after ____________ to consolidate the memory in the cortex, the memory is not dependent on the hippocampus.

A

consolidate, encoding

PSYC 210 - Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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