Unit 3 - Learning & Memory Flashcards
Process by which experience results in changes in behavior.
learning
internal record of past experiences acquired through learning
memory
What are the two categories of memory?
declarative, nondeclarative
_______ memory is a broad class of memories that can typically be verbalized or explicitly communicated in some other way.
declarative
________ memory is a broad class of memory that cannot be verbalized and that are not always consciously accesible.
nondeclarative
What are the 4 categories of nondeclarative memory?
skill/motor/procedural, priming, conditioning, and nonassociative
What are the two categories of declarative memory?
episodic, semantic
Everything is _______ the first time it happens to you, but events become _________ after repeated epxosure.
novel, mundane
Through _________, you learn not to respond to particular events.
repetition
a decrease in the strength of occurrence of a behavior after repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces that behavior
habituation
When examining habituation, researchers use simple examples that often involve a single, easily controlled _________ and a single, easily measurable ________.
stimulus, response
defensive response to a startling stimulus
acoustic startle reflex
an organism’s innate reaction to a novel stimulus.
orienting response
The orienting response can be seen in infants when they are presented with a novel visual stimulus and fixate on it. With repeated presentations, the duration of the fixation will _________.
decrease
__________ refers to the fact that habituation to one event does not cause habituation to every other stimulus in the same sensory modality.
stimulus specificity
Habituation is not the result of _______-.
fatigue
A less arousing stimulus will result in ____________ habituation.
faster
A greater number of presentations of a stimulus creates ______ habituation.
more
Closely spaced repetitions of a stimulus (massed) creates ________ habituation.
faster
Repeated exposures to a stimulus that are spread out over time (spaced) create a ___________ duration habituation.
longer
phenomenon in which an arousing stimulus leads to stronger responses to a later stimulus
sensitization
________ presentations of a stimulus are required for habituation than sensitization.
fewer
Sensitization is not stimulus specific, so presentation of one stimulus can enhance response of a _______ stimulus.
different
Habituation and sensitization are both forms of __________ learning.
nonassociative
What are the 2 forms of associative learning?
classical and operant conditioning
Known for developing methods for studying animal learning that are still widespread today (classical conditioning)
Ivan Pavlov
a form of learning in which the organism acquires the expectation that a given stimulus predicts a specific response upcoming important event - also called Pavlovian conditioning
classical conditioning
What are the basic concepts of classical conditioning?
unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response
a cue that has some biological significance and that naturally evokes a response
unconditioned stimulus
the naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
In addition to an unconditioned stimulus and response, we need a ________ stimulus that does not elicit the unconditioned response.
neutral
During classical conditioning training, the neutral stimulus is paired with the ___________ stimulus.
unconditioned
In classical conditioning training, the ____________ stimulus initially causes the unconditioned response. With repeated pairings, a learned association develops between a _________ stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned, neutral
a cue that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and elicits a conditoined response (CR)
conditioned stimulus
trained response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus (US)
conditioned response (CR)
Some of _________ most influential studies involved observing how cats learn to escape from puzzle boxes (operant conditioning)
Edward Thorndike’s
organism learns to make a response in order to obtain or avoid important consequences (instrumental conditioning)
operant conditioning
In operant conditioning, the organism’s behavior is _________ in determining whether the consequences occur.
instrumental
In __________ conditioning, organisms experience an outcome (US) regardless of whether or not they perform the conditioned response (CR).
classical
In _________ conditioning, the outcome depends on whether the organism performs the response.
operant
__________ learning includes habituation and sensitization, while __________ learning includes classical and operant conditioning.
non-associative, associative
explained how rats are like humans in that they are intrinsically motivated to learn the general layout of mazes by forming what he called a cognitive map
edward tolman
an internal psychological representation of the spatial layout of the external world
cognitive map
learning that is unconnected to a consequence and remains undetected until explicitly demonstrated at a later stage
latent learning
What are the subregions of the hippocampus?
dentate gyrus, CA3, CA1, and subiculum
firing rate of a neuron is represented as a function of space
spatial ratemap
small area of increased activity
place field
________ cells are found in the hippocampus.
place
Place cells have _________ coding.
spatial
In cognitive maps, each square is a __________ for one neuron. Different __________ code for different locations. All together, there are place fields covering the entire open field.
spatial ratemap, place cells
the 360 degrees that a rate can be facing in a cognitive map are correspondingly represented around the circle
polar ratemap
In a polar ratemap, head direction is __________ of spatial location, so firing is dispersed throughout the open field.
independent
Over the population of head direction cells all _________ are coded in the polar ratemap.
directions
A ____________ will be created even if the rat is simply walking around the maze without purpose, indicating a potential role in latent learning.
cognitive map
The overhead view of the open field in the cognitive map records action potentials from a single neuron in the ____________ while rats explore an open field.
hippocampus
________ lines in the cognitive map show the path the rat took through the open field.
black
_________ in a cognitive map show the location of the rat when the neuron fired an action potential.
red dots
In order to get a change in _______________ there must be a change somewhere in the brain.
behavior
a physical change in the brain that forms the basis of memory
engram
___________ lesioned different amounts of the cortex and observed the effects on rats’ performance in a maze.
Karl Lashley
Lashley found that the lesion _________ correlated with number of _______ rats made in the maze. _________ lesions resulted in more errors.
size, errors, larger
The ________ is distributed and not stored in any one brain region.
engram
“connected” neurons are actually separated by a narrow gap called a _______, about _____ nanometers.
synapse, 20
Chemicals are passed across presynaptic and postsynaptic __________ between neurons.
synapses
Most synapses are formed between the ______ of one neuron and the __________ of another neuron.
axon, dendrite
small protruding extension of a dendritic membrane that is a contact location for a single axon terminal
dendritic spine
_________ area a small store of neurotransmitter.
vesicles
In what ways can the brain change?
signal transmission and structural change
The _________ environment includes food and water, while the ___________ environment includes food and water, toys, other animals, and learning opportunities.
standard/deprived, enriched
Enriched environment results in ________ and ________ dendritic branches with a greater number of connections. This is better for ___________.
more, longer, learning performance
_________ changes take time.
structural
__________ developed severe epilepsy as a child and by age 16 had regularly debilitating seizures that left him unconscious. Doctors tried to treat him through surgery, which caused him to develop anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
Patient H.M.
unable to form new episodic memories
anterograde amnesia
loss of memories for recent events, but intact memories for events further back in time
retrograde amnesia
memory for a personal experience of specific autobiographical events; includes information about the spatial and temporal contexts in which the event occurred.
episodic memory
memory for facts and general knowledge about the world, including general personal information
semantic memory
While __________ memory can be acquired from only a single exposure, __________ memory can be acquired in a single exposure or through repetition.
episodic,semantic
_________ memory only involves factual information.
semantic
Both episodic and semantic memory are dependent on the ________ lobe.
Medial Temporal
Episodic memories are initially encoded and stored in the ___________, which repeatedly sends memory representation to the cortex. Eventually, memory is stored in the _________.
hippocampus, cortex
The ___________ is the main source of acetylcholine to cortical structures.
basal forebrain
Pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei are main source of ___________ to the brainstem and cerebellum.
acetylcholine
High acetylcholine in the neocortex results in __________ in the hippocampus. Low acetylcholine results in _______, promoting transfer to cortex.
encoding, consolidation
If there is not enough time to ____________ the memory in the cortex, the memory is still dependent on the hippocampus. If there is sufficient time after ____________ to consolidate the memory in the cortex, the memory is not dependent on the hippocampus.
consolidate, encoding
