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Small Animal Medicine > Unit 3 - Dyspnea and Abnormal Breathing > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Dyspnea and Abnormal Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What zone makes up the majority of the lung volume?

A

the respiratory zone

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2
Q

What structures are in the respiratory zone?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

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3
Q

What structures are in the conducting zone?

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

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4
Q

What are the anatomical disease divisions of the respiratory system?

A

nasal and sinuses, upper airway, lower airway, parenchymal, and pleural space

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5
Q

What structures make up the upper airway?

A

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

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6
Q

What structures make up the lower airway?

A

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

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7
Q

It is best to auscultate the lungs in a _____ ____.

A

quiet room

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8
Q

How should a patient be positioned for auscultation?

A

standing, with the mouth closed

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9
Q

How do bronchial sounds sound?

A

harsh, hollow, and blowing

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10
Q

Where are bronchial sounds loudest?

A

over the trachea

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11
Q

Are bronchial sounds inspiratory or expiratory?

A

both

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12
Q

How do vesicular sounds sound?

A

rustling

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13
Q

Where are vesicular sounds made?

A

airflow through lobar bronchi - peripheral

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14
Q

Are vesicular sounds inspiratory or expiratory?

A

primarily inspiratory

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15
Q

What are the types of abnormal breath sounds?

A

crackles, wheezes, stertor, and stridor

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16
Q

What do crackles sound like?

A

discontinous popping sounds

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17
Q

What is the cause of crackles?

A

snapping open of small airways that have collapsed or accumulated fluid/debris

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18
Q

When is the timing of crackles?

A

during inspiration

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19
Q

How are crackles characterized?

A

moist vs. dry, and fine vs. course

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20
Q

What are the differentials for crackles?

A

pulmonary edema, pneumonia, or fibrosis (dry, stiff airways)

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21
Q

What do wheezes sound like?

A

continous, whistling musical sounds

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22
Q

What is the cause of wheezes?

A

airflow through constricted or narrowed airways

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23
Q

When is the timing of wheezes?

A

during expiration

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24
Q

What are the differentials for wheezes?

A

lower airway inflammatory disease or an anaphylactic reaction

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25
What do stertor sounds sound like?
snoring, snorting, and snuffling noise that can be heard without a stethoscope
26
What is the cause of stertor?
upper airway obstruction of airflow due to excess tissue or secretions
27
When is the timing of stertor?
variable
28
Stertor suggests that diseases is located where?
in the nasal cavity and/or the nasopharynx
29
What are the differentials for stertor?
Brachycephalic syndrome, nasal congestion/infiltration, nasopharyngeal polyps, nasal/nasopharyngeal neoplasia, inflammatory/infectious rhinitis, and nasal/nasopharyngeal foreign body
30
What do stridor sounds sound like?
intense, high-pitched wheeze - shouldn't need a stethoscope
31
What is the cause of stridor sounds?
extrathoracic upper airway collapse and/or narrowing
32
When is the timing of stridor sounds?
virtually always inspiratory
33
When stridor is present with voice change, what should you suspect?
laryngeal involvement
34
What are the differentials for stridor?
laryngeal paralysis, laryngeal collapse, tracheal collapse, and laryngeal/tracheal obstruction
35
What can cause intraluminal laryngeal/tracheal obstruction?
foreign body or mass
36
What can cause extraluminal laryngeal/tracheal obstruction?
mass or soft tissue swelling
37
What is dyspnea?
difficult or labored breathing due to hypoxemia or hypercapnia
38
What is hypoxia?
a state in which the oxygen in the blood, lung, and/or tissues is abnormally low
39
What is hypoxemia?
oxygenation of the blood that is too low to meet tissue demands - PaO2 <80mmHg
40
What is hypercapnia?
a state in which the amount of CO2 in the blood is increased above normal
41
Where does dyspnea typically localize?
upper airway, lower airway, parenchymal, and pleural space
42
Characterize obstructive dyspnea.
Due to obstruction of airway, normal to increased respiratory rate, increased depth of breathing
43
Characterize obstructive inspiratory dyspnea.
Slow, deep inhalation - +/-stridor, the obstruction moves in front of the airway due to pressure
44
What is obstructive inspiratory dyspnea due to?
a dynamic extra-throacic obstruction (tracheal or laryngeal)
45
Characterize obstructive expiratory dyspnea.
slow prolonged expiration - the airways condense during expiration
46
What is obstructive expiratory dyspnea due to?
due to intra-throacic airway disease (large airway obstruction or small airway disease)
47
Characterize restrictive dyspnea.
Increased respiratory rate, variable depth depending on the disease state
48
What is restrictive dyspnea due to?
It is due to a disease process that restricts lung inflation
49
What is tachypnea?
increased respiratory rate at rest
50
What is the normal respiratory rate of dogs?
18-34 rpm
51
What is the normal respiratory rate of cats?
16-40 rpm
52
What is the normal FiO2?
approximately 21% - the percent of air composed of oxygen
53
What is the normal PaO2?
97-100 mmHg - partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in arterial blood
54
What is the normal SaO2?
98-100% - saturation of Hb binding sites with O2
55
What is pulse oximetry(SpO2) equivalent to?
SaO2
56
What does a pulse ox measure?
It emits red and infared lights and measured unabsorbed light (oxygenated blood absorbs the light, deoxygenated blood absorbs red light)
57
If SpO2 is 97.5%, PaO2 is what?
100 mmHg
58
If SpO2 is 93%, PaO2 is what?
80 mmHg
59
If SpO2 is 90%, PaO2 is what?
60 mmHg
60
What is the PaO2 if a patient is hypoxemic?
less than 80 mmHg
61
Why does O2 supplementation help?
It incrases FiO2 which increases PAO2, which increases PaO2, which thus increases tissue oxygenation
62
What percentage FiO2 does an oxygen cage reach?
40-60%
63
What are the pros to an oxygen cage? Cons?
Pros: non-invasive, non-stressful Cons: takes time, expensive, isolation
64
What percentage of FiO2 does nasal oxygen achieve?
40-50%
65
What are the pros to nasal oxygen? Cons?
Pros: Good for large dogs, easy to care for the patient Cons: Uncomfortable, nasal bleeding, inadvertent removal
66
What FiO2 level does face mask oxygen reach?
approximately 50%
67
What are the pros to face mask oxygen? Cons?
Pros: convenient Cons: need a tight seal, can be stressful
68
What FiO2 level does hood oxygen reach?
40-60%
69
What are the pros of using hood oxygen? Cons?
Pros: easy and economical Cons: Gets hot/humid, variable FiO2, and may need sedation
70
What FiO2 does flow-by oxygen reach?
30-40%
71
What are the pros to flow-by oxygen? Cons?
Pros: easy, convenient Cons: high flow rates, not long-term solution

Small Animal Medicine (100 decks)

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