Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Small Animal Medicine > Cardio - Exam > Flashcards

Cardio - Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 general pieces of info to gather for a cardio exam?

A

Signalment, presenting complaint, and history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What things are included in the signalment?

A

Species, breed, and age-specific diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What things are included in the presenting complaint?

A

Murmur, collapse or exercise intolerance, respiratory signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some things that are included in the history?

A
  • Onset, duration, progression of presenting complaint
  • Changes in weight, appetite, thirst, urination/defecation, vomiting
  • Coughing/sneezing/respiratory effort/gagging (frequency, character)
  • Activity level and any recent changes in activity or endurance, fainting spells, weakness, collapse
  • Travel and vaccine history and any concurrent medical conditions
  • Diet and meds and supplements (drug, dosage, route, response)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Disproportionate loss in muscle mass that is commonly seen in inflammatory conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are DDx for cachexia?

A

End stage CV disease, neoplasia, renal disease, chronic inflammatory conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are DDx for abdominal distension?

A

Abdominal fluid (R-CHF), organomegaly, weakened abdominal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a fluid wave?

A

Vibration of fluid palpated on ballotment of moderate to severe abdominal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are DDx for a fluid wave?

A

R-CHF (modified transudate), liver dz, PLE/PLN (transudate), neoplasia (mod transudate), trauma, bleeding mass, coagulopathies (hemorrhagic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What color are normal mucous membranes?

A

pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are DDx for pale MM?

A

Poor perfusion​, peripheral vasoconstriction, anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are DDx for blue/gray (cyanotic) MM?

A

R to L shunting, pulmonary parenchymal disease (i.e. pulm edema from L-CHF), airway disease, hypoventilation, shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the appearance of “differential cyanosis” and what does it mean?

A

Pink MM cranially and blue MM caudally - finding in dogs with R to L shunting PDA (reverse PDA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the Dx for brick red or “injected” MM?

A

early phases of shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the DDx for yellow (icteric) MM?

A

hemolysis, hepatobiliary disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a CRT of 0-1 seconds?

A

Early, hyperdynamic phase of shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a CRT of 2 seconds?

A

normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a CRT of 3+ seconds?

A

poor perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is peripheral pitting edema?

A

Edema (fluid in the tissues) in the ventral extremities or ventral thorax/abdomen

(When you push your thumb into edematous areas it leaves an imprint)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are DDx for peripheral pitting edema?

A

R-CHF (uncommon); more common in horses and cattle

Non-cardiac = hypoalbuminemia, renal disease (rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is palpation of the precordium?

A

Palpating the heartbeat on the chest wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the precordium normally felt the strongest?

A

L hemithorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does it mean if the precordium is felt strongest on the right?

A

R heart enlargement

(Can also be mass lesions displacing the heart, collapsed lung lobes that displace the heart, or focal accumulations or air or fluid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does it mean if the precordium is the same strength on the L as it is on the R?

A

R and L heart enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does it mean if the precordium has decreased intensity?

A

Weak cardiac contractions, pericardial or pleural effusion

(Can also be due to obesity, thoracic masses, or pneumothorax)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a precordial thrill?

A

Palpable fine vibrations of a murmur on the chest wall;

May be palpated in patients with very loud murmurs (grade V or VI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 2 parts of the end of the stethoscope?

A

Bell and diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the bell for?

A

Best for listening to low frequency sounds (heart sounds and gallops)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the diaphragm best used for?

A

Listening to high frequency sounds (murmurs and clicks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are transient heart sounds?

A

Short sounds that may be caused by normally auscultated heart sounds (S1, S2), gallops (S3, S4), or abnormal valve movement (mid-systolic clicks).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the systolic sounds?

A

S1 and S2, mid-systolic click

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What causes S1?

A

Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves - abrupt deceleration of blood flow resulting in vibrations of the cardiac walls and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does S1 sound like compared to S2?

A

S1 is longer and lower pitched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where is S1 best heard?

A

Over the mitral valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What causes S2?

A

Closure of aortic and pulmonic valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where is S2 best heard?

A

Over the aortic area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is a mid-systolic click due to?

A

Prolapse of the mitral or tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where is a mid-systolic click best heard?

A

Over the mitral or tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is a split S1?

A

Asynchronous closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves due to abnormal conduction (R bundle branch block, VPCs), or can sometimes be normal in very large dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is a split S2?

A

Can occur due to asynchronous closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves (pulm hypertension, arrhythmias, bundle branch blocks).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What condition are systolic clicks most commonly heard with and what valve is affected?

A

Early DMVD (before overt regurgitation); occasionally affects the tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the diastolic sounds?

A

S3 and S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What causes S3?

A

Vibrations in the heart wall associated with rapid ventricular filling; can be normal in LA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What causes S4?

A

Atrial contraction; is also normal in LA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

When can an S3 gallop be heard in dogs and cats?

A

When the ventricles are very dilated (i.e. DCM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

When is an S4 gallop heard in dogs and cats?

A

With thickened, stiff, ventricles (i.e. HCM); heard during contraction or dilated atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is a murmur?

A

Prolonged, audible vibration of blood in the heart or great vessels that can be associated with turbulent blood flow or abnormal blood flow.

48
Q

What is a grade I/VI murmur?

A

Soft murmur heard in only 1 valve location, only in very quiet room; may be intermittent

49
Q

In how many quadrants can you hear a grade I/VI murmur?

A

1

50
Q

What is a grade II/VI murmur?

A

Soft murmur heard consistently, but only in 1 valve area

51
Q

In how many quadrants can you hear a grade II/VI murmur?

A

2

52
Q

What is a grade III/VI murmur?

A

Moderate murmur heard in multiple valve locations on one side of the chest

53
Q

In how many quadrants can you hear a grade III/VI murmur?

A

3

54
Q

What is a grade IV/VI murmur?

A

Loud murmur heard on both sides of the chest

55
Q

In how many quadrants can you hear a grade IV/VI murmur?

A

4

56
Q

What is a grade V/VI murmur?

A

Loud murmur heard at all valve locations, associated with precordial thrill

57
Q

In how many quadrants can you hear a grade V/VI murmur?

A

4 + thrill

58
Q

What is a grade VI/VI murmur?

A

Loud murmur heard at all valve locations, even when stethoscope held 1 cm from chest wall

59
Q

In how many quadrants can you hear a grade VI/VI murmur?

A

4 + thrill + audible with stethoscope off chest

60
Q

What is the point of maximal intensity (PMI?)

A

Location on the heart where the murmur is the most audible; helps determine what valve the murmur is originating from

61
Q

What is radiation?

A

Describes where else you can hear the murmur other than the PMI

62
Q

What valves are best heard on the L side of the chest?

A

PAM

Pulmonic, Aortic, Mitral

63
Q

What valve is best heard on the R side of the chest?

A

tricuspid

64
Q

What is the base?

A

Upper half of the heart (above costochondral junction)

65
Q

Murmurs that are loudest at the base originate from the _____ or _____ valves.

A

aortic, pulmonic

66
Q

What is the apex?

A

Lower half of the heart (below the costochondral junction)

67
Q

Murmurs loudest at the apex originate from the _____ or _____ valves.

A

mitral, tricuspid

68
Q

When can you hear a systolic murmur?

A

During ventricular systole (between S1 and S2)

69
Q

When can you hear a diastolic murmur?

A

During ventricular diastole (after S2)

70
Q

When can you hear a continuous murmur?

A

Throughout systole and diastole

71
Q

What is a to-and-fro murmur?

A

systolic + diastolic

2 separate murmurs are present

72
Q

What are the 2 quality terms used to describe a murmur?

A

regurgitant and ejection

73
Q

What is a regurgitant murmur?

A

Consistent intensity and sound throughout the murmur

74
Q

What is an ejection murmur?

A

Increases in intensity or sound changes over time

75
Q

What murmur is this?

A

systolic

76
Q

What murmur is this?

A

diastolic

77
Q

What murmur is this?

A

Continuous

78
Q

What murmur is this?

A

To-and-fro / systolic + diastolic

79
Q

If you hear a L apex, systolic, regurgitant murmur, what are the possible echo findings and DDx?

A

Echo = mitral regurgitation

DDx = DMVD, endocarditis, MV dysplasia, DCM

80
Q

If you hear a L base, systolic, ejection murmur, what are the possible echo findings and DDx?

A

Echo = PS, aortic stenosis, no structural abnormalities

DDx = PS, aortic stenosis, physiologic murmur (fever, anemia, increased sympathetic tone)

81
Q

If you hear a L base, diastolic, regurgitant murmur (descrescendo, blowing), what are possible echo findings and DDx?

A

Echo = pulmonic regurg, aortic regurg

DDx = degen valve disease, endocarditis

82
Q

If you hear a craniodorsal to L base, continuous murmur, what are possible echo findings and DDx?

A

Echo = PDA

DDx = PDA

83
Q

If you hear a R apex, systolic, regurgitant murmur, what are possible echo findings and DDx?

A

Echo = tricuspid regurg

DDx = DTVD, endocarditis, TV dysplasia, DCM

84
Q

If you hear a R-sided, systolic, ejection murmur at the costochondral junction, what are possible echo findings and DDx?

Why is this best heard at the CC junction?

A

Echo = VSD

DDx = VSD

VSDs are usually located high up on the IVS close to the valves

85
Q

How are the jugular veins properly assessed?

A

Standing position with the head upright

86
Q

What is expected in the jugular vein of a horse but not in SA?

A

Horse = pulsation in lower 1/3 of neck only

SA = no pulsation

87
Q

What are DDx for abnormal jugular pulsation?

A

Elevated R heart pressures, pericardial disease, inflow obstruction, arrhythmias

88
Q

What is jugular distension?

A

The vein remains full of blood as if someone was holding off for a blood draw

89
Q

What are DDx for jugular distention?

A

Same as jugular pulsation but to a more extreme degree

90
Q

What is a hepato-jugular reflux?

A

A positive one is abnormal;

Jugular pulsation seen after pressing on the liver; an increased amount of blood is returned to the R heart and if it is diseased it cannot accomodate the increased venous return –> jugular pulse

91
Q

What are DDx for a hepato-jugular reflux?

A

Same as for jugular pulsation and distention

92
Q

What is A?

A

Normokinetic pulse pressure

93
Q

What is B?

A

Hypokinetic (narrow pulse pressure)

94
Q

What is C?

A

Hyperkinetic (wide pulse pressure)

95
Q

Pulse pressure is the difference between _____ and _____ pressures.

A

systolic, diastolic

96
Q

What can cause a hypokinetic pressure?

A

Subaortic stenosis, hypovolemia, some arrhythmias

97
Q

What can cause a hyperkinetic pressure?

A

PDA, severe aortic insufficiency, bradycardia, decreased vascular resistance (anemia), high sympathetic tone

98
Q

What is a synchronous pulse?

A

When the auscultated heartbeat and palpated pulse are almost simultaneous. This is a normal finding.

99
Q

What are asynchronous, delayed pulses?

A

Pulse is present, but is palpated well after the heartbeat.

Most common in patients with subaortic stenosis or HOCM

100
Q

What are asynchronous, pulse deficits?

A

Heartbeat without an palpated pulse.

Found in patients with arrhythmias (supraventricular or ventricular premature beats)

101
Q

What are symmetrical pulses?

What can it mean if they are asymmetrical?

A

R and L femoral arteries should have the same strength;

Asymmetrical = poor perfusion to one of the limbs due to a blood clot (arterial thromboembolism)

102
Q

What are clinical signs of patients with pulmonary edema?

A

Tachypnea at rest, short/shallow respiratory pattern with inspiratory effort, signs of severe dyspnea

103
Q

What are the signs of severe dyspnea?

A

Orthopneic, elbow abducted, wide eyed, neck outstretched, open mouthed breathing in cats

104
Q

What are clinical signs of pleural effusion?

A

Tachypnea at rest, inspiratory and expiratory effort, abdominal component to breathing

105
Q

What does stertor sound like?

A

Snoring on inspiration, localized to pharynx

106
Q

What does stridor sound like?

A

High pitched inspiratory sound, localized to larynx or cervical trachea

107
Q

What are DDx for stertor? Stridor?

A

Stertor = brachycephalic syndrome, pharyngeal disease

Stridor = laryngeal paralysis or masses, cervical tracheal collapse/masses/obstruction

108
Q

What respiratory sounds are associated with pleural effusion (R-CHF)?

A

Reduced or absent breath sounds ventrally

109
Q

What respiratory sounds are associated with pulmonary edema (L-CHF)?

A

Soft crackles at the end of inspiration and beginning of expiration

110
Q

Where can loud crackles be heard?

A

Throughout inspiration, lower airways

111
Q

What are DDx for loud crackles?

A

Canine bronchitis, COPD

112
Q

What are wheezes and where are they heard?

A

High pitched, expiratory, common in asthmatic patients

113
Q

If you hear noise on inspiratory effort without a stethoscope that is localized to the upper airway, what are the DDx?

A

Stenotic nares, rhinitis/masses, laryngeal disease, pharyngeal disease

114
Q

If you hear noise on inspiratory effort with a stethoscope that is localized to the lower airway, what are the DDx?

A

Tracheal or large airway disease, intraluminal or extraluminal masses

115
Q

If you hear end-inspiratory and expiratory effort and noise with a stethoscope that is localized to the lungs, what are the DDx?

A

Pulmonary edema, infiltrative disease, pneumonia

116
Q

If you hear inspiratory and expiratory effort that is localized to the pleural space, what are the DDx?

A

Pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, pneumothrax, intrathoracic mass

117
Q

If you hear tachypnea without overt effort that is systemic, what are the DDx?

A

Anemia, acidosis, pain, methemoglobinemia, neurologic

Small Animal Medicine (100 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions