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Small Animal Medicine > Dermatology - Demodicosis > Flashcards

Dermatology - Demodicosis Flashcards

1
Q

What mites cause demodicosis in dogs and which is the most common?

A

Demodex canis (common) and Demodex injai

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2
Q

What mites cause demodicosis in cats and which is the most common?

A

Demodex cati and Demodex gatoi (common)

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3
Q

Where does the life cycle of D. canis, injai, and cati occur?

A

the entire life cycle is completed in the hair follicle of the host

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4
Q

Where does the life cycle of D. gatoi occur?

A

in the outer layers of the stratum corneum

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5
Q

What are the stages of the Demodex lifecycle?

A

egg, larva, nymph, adult

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6
Q

How is Demodex canis acquired?

A

They are considered natural inhabitants of the skin, but they proliferate during pregnancy and thus are transmitted at birth

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7
Q

Which species of Demodex is thought to proliferate due to a genetic predisposition?

A

Demodex canis

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8
Q

How do Demodex affect the immune system?

A

they suppress it leading to secondary bacterial and fungal infections - the patients becaume an immunologic cripple

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9
Q

What may predispose an animal to infection with Demodex?

A

any immunodeficiency syndrome

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10
Q

What Demodex species is spread by direct contact?

A

Demodex gatoi

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11
Q

What are the two types of demodicosis caused by Demodex canis?

A

Localized and generalized

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12
Q

What age dogs is generalized demodicosis more common in?

A

dogs less than a year of age

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13
Q

Where is localized demodicosis commonly seen?

A

on the forelimbs, face, and on periocular skin

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14
Q

What does localized demodicosis typically look like?

A

Well circumscribed areas of alopecia with mild scaling and erythema confined to one body area

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15
Q

What form of demodicosis does not typically have secondary problems associated with it?

A

localized

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16
Q

True or False: 90% of lesions due to generalized demodicosis will spontaneously resolve, 10% will not

A

False - 90% of the lesions in localized cases will resolve and 10% will become generalized

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17
Q

What areas of the body are typically involved in cases of generalized demodicosis?

A

the face, forelimbs, and feet

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18
Q

What lesions are typically associated with generalized demodicosis?

A

Lesions include generalized erythema, crusting, scaling, and patchy to diffuse alopecia, sometimes with bluish or bruised appearance

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19
Q

What secondary infections (lesions) are commonly associated with generalized demodicosis?

A

Folliculitis and furunculosis, leading to the development of papules, pustules, and fistulous tracts. Staphylococci are the most common agents isolated

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20
Q

Other than skin lesions, what other secondary complications are associated with generalized demodicosis?

A

Anorexia, pyrexia, and depression; generalized lymphadenopathy is present

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21
Q

Is pruritis associated with generalized demodicosis?

A

It is absent or mild unless there is secondary infection - then it is moderately intense

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22
Q

What is adult-onset demodicosis defined as?

A

onset of generalized demodicosis after 1-2 years of age

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23
Q

What conditions is adult-onset demodicosis associated with?

A

Immunosuppressive disorders, such as hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism, organ failure, etc, and systemic administration of glucocorticoids

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24
Q

Where, on the body, are Demodex injai typically found?

A

over the dorsal midline, often in animals under stress

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25
Q

What type of lesions does Demodex injai cause?

A

erythema, excessive oiliness to skin and hair, and pruritus

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26
Q

What may be the only clinical sign of demodicosis caused by Demodex gatoi?

A

Pruritus - it is usually (but not always) present

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27
Q

What is the most common finding with cats that have a Demodex gatoi infestation?

A

symmetrical alopecia caused by licking

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28
Q

What is the treatment of choice for demodicosis caused by Demodex gatoi?

A

lime sulfur rinses (weekly for 3-8 treatments)

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29
Q

What diagnostic tools are prefered to diagnose demodicosis?

A

skin scrapings or a trichogram

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30
Q

In adult-onset and severe cases of demodicosis what diagnostic tests are indicated?

A

Culture, fecal flotation (in case they ate it), cytology, bacterial culture and susceptibility, general health, and evaluation of thyroid hormones

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31
Q

What will reveal the presence of mites in hair follicles but is not the preferred procedure to make a diagnosis?

A

skin biopsies

32
Q

Describe the recommended therapy for localized demodicosis.

A

No therapy is required in a vast majority of cases, topical therapy with benzoyl peroxide or rotenone may provide some benefit, client education is important, and the prognosis is excellent

33
Q

What therapy is recommended to provide symptomatic and supportive care in generalized demodicosis cases?

A

Treat pyoderma with proper antibiotic therapy (most important), shampoos to remove crusts, debris, and help control pyoderma, and hydrotherapy to alleviate pain

34
Q

What topical acaricidal agents can be used to treat generalized demodicosis (even if they are no longer in production)?

A

Mitaban, Lime sulfur, Metaflumizone + amitraz (Promeris), and Imidocloprid + Moxidectin (Advantage-multi)

35
Q

How should you use Mitiban to treat generalized demodicosis?

A

Rinses are recommended at 1 week intervals for 8-12 weeks and then are continued until two consecutive scrapings are negative - they may be necessary on an intermittent basis on a long-term basis for chronically affected dogs

36
Q

What side-effects are associated with Mitiban use?

A

lethargy, bradycardia, and vomiting

37
Q

What can reverse the side-effects associated with Mitiban?

A

yohimbine

38
Q

What demodex species is lime-sulfur ineffective in treating?

A

Demodex canis and Demodex cati infestations

39
Q

What is Lime sulfur effective in treating and how is it applied?

A

Demodex gatoi - weekly for 6-8 treatments

40
Q

What is Promeris effective in treating?

A

doesn’t matter it is no longer in production

41
Q

Advantage-Multi (Imidocloprid + Moxidectin) is approved for dogs and cats to treat demodicosis, but cannot be used where (not labeled)?

A

in the United States

42
Q

If Advantage-Multi were to be used in treating demodicosis, what is the recommended dose?

A

Weekly application

43
Q

What can be used as systemic therapy for generalized demodicosis?

A

Ivermectin, Milbemycin oxime (Interceptor), Moxidectin, Doramectin, Isoxazoline class insecticides

44
Q

What is the recommended dose of Ivermectin to treat demodicosis?

A

0.5-0.6 mg/kg daily for extended time periods

45
Q

What is the recommended treatment plan with Ivermectin in demodicosis cases?

A

Doses should be initiated at lower doses and then slowly increased to the final dosage. Treat for one month past two negative (weekly) scrapings

46
Q

What is a sign of Ivermectin toxicity?

A

dilated pupils, ataxia, muscle tremors, seizures, vomiting, or diarrhea

47
Q

In amitraz-resistant cases of demodicosis, Ivermectin has shown a 60-70% cure in how many days?

A

90-120 days

48
Q

What patients should you not use Ivermectin in and why?

A

In collie dogs or related breeds because they MDR1 gene mutation that does not allow them to flush drugs out of the blood brain barrier which causes a build up and thus toxicity

49
Q

Interceptor (Milbemycine oxime) may be effective in what percentage of chronic cases and how long is treatment contined?

A

It may be effective in up to 60% of chronic cases and is continued for 30 days past negative scrapings

50
Q

In what cases is Interceptor not recommended in and why may some people not choose it?

A

It is not recommended in avermectin-sensitive dogs. It is also very expensive

51
Q

What drugs do Moxidectin and Doramectin act like?

A

Ivermectin because they are all avermectins

52
Q

What Isoxazoline class insecticides can be used to treat demodicosis?

A

Nexgard (Afloxalaner), Bravecto (Fluralaner), and Simparica (Sarolaner)

53
Q

What therapies are ineffective in treating demodicosis?

A

topical selamectin (Revolution), oral lufenuron (Sentinel), topical ivermectin, and regular application of amitraz-containing flea collars

54
Q

What appears to be affective in treating Demodex injai demodicosis?

A

Oral ivermectin, isoxazolines, and amitraz rinses

55
Q

Aside from lime sulfur, what can be used to treat Demodex gatoi demodicosis?

A

Bravecto and extra-label Advantige-Multi

56
Q

What treatment is entirely contraindicated in treatment of demodicosis?

A

corticosteroids

57
Q

A

A

Follicular

58
Q

B

A

Folliculbr

59
Q

C

A

Follicular

60
Q

D

A

Surface

61
Q

E

A

Dog

62
Q

F

A

Dog

63
Q

G

A

Cat

64
Q

H

A

Cat

65
Q

I

A

Trichogram, skin scraping

66
Q

J

A

Trichogram, skin scraping

67
Q

K

A

Trichogram, skin scraping

68
Q

L

A

skin scraping

69
Q

M

A

No

70
Q

N

A

No

71
Q

O

A

No

72
Q

P

A

Yes

73
Q

Q

A

Isoxazolines, Ivermectin

74
Q

R

A

Isoxazolines, Ivermectin

75
Q

S

A

Ivermectin

76
Q

T

A

Lime Sulfur

Small Animal Medicine (100 decks)

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