Neuro - Neuroanatomic Diagnosis

Question 1

What are the different divisions where lesions could be localized?

Answer 1

Supratentorial, infratentorial, C1-C5, C6-T2, T3-L3, L4-S1-3, Caudal, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, muscle

Question 2

What clinical findings are associated with a lesion located in the supratentorial region?

Answer 2

changes in mentation, abnormal vision, seizures, proprioceptive abnormalities in limbs, head turn, and circling

Question 3

If there is a unilateral supratentorial lesion, what side of the body will the effects be seen on?

Answer 3

the contralateral side

Question 4

What clinical findings are associated with a lesion located in the infratentorial region?

Answer 4

changes in mentation, cranial nerve abnormalities (3-12), proprioceptive abnormalities in the limbs, respiratory abnormalities

Question 5

A head tilt, whether it be vestibular or cerebellar, is usually towards or away from the lesion?

Answer 5

towards the side of the lesion

Question 6

If there is a head tilt with proprioceptive deficits, the lesion is most likely localized where?

Answer 6

on the side with the proprioceptive defects

Question 7

If there is peripheral vestibular disease, where is the lesion?

Answer 7

within the middle or inner ear

Question 8

If there is central vestibular disease, where is the lesion located?

Answer 8

In the information centers or the brain stem structures

Question 9

What clinical findings are associated with peripheral vestibular disease?

Answer 9

falling, incoordination, head tilt, nystagmus, vomiting, and possible strabismus

Question 10

What will the nystagmus be like in animals with peripheral vestibular disease?

Answer 10

horizontal or rotatory

Question 11

What clinical findings are associated with central vestibular disease?

Answer 11

falling, incoordination, head tilt, nystagmus, conscious proprioceptive deficits

Question 12

What will the nystagmus be like in animals with central vestibular disease?

Answer 12

horizontal or rotatory or vertical

Question 13

What clinical findings are associated with a cerebellar lesion?

Answer 13

Falling, incoordination (ataxia), +/- hypermetria, intention tremor (bouncing), normal conscious proprioception, and absence of menace with normal vision

Question 14

What is hypermetria?

Answer 14

overshoot/overexaggerating a intended motion

Question 15

What clinical findings are associated with a lesion in the C1-C5 segment?

Answer 15

All 4 limbs affected typically (could only be one-three), reflexes in all limbs normal to increased, possible Horner’s syndrome

Question 16

What clinical findings are associated with a lesion at the C6-T2 segment?

Answer 16

All 4 limbs affected typically (could be only one-three), reflexes in pelvic limbs normal to increased, reflexes/tone in thoracic limbs decreased to absent, +/- Horner’s syndrome

Question 17

What clinical findings are associated with a lesion at the T3-L3 segment?

Answer 17

Pelvic limbs affected, reflexes in pelvic limbs normal to increased, reflexes in thoracic limbs are normal, +/- abnormalities of the cutaneous trunci reflex, UMN bladder

Question 18

What does UMN bladder mean?

Answer 18

large, firm, and difficult to express

Question 19

What clinical findings are associated with a lesion at the L4-S1-3 segment?

Answer 19

pelvic limbs affected, reflexes in pelvic limbs decreased or absent, reflexes in thoracic limbs are normal, LMN bladder

Question 20

What does LMN bladder mean?

Answer 20

large, flaccid, and easy to express

Question 21

What clinical findings are associated with peripheral nerve, muscular junction, or muscular lesion (focal)?

Answer 21

Voluntary movement abnormalities, postural abnormalities, and decreased to absent reflexes/tone

Question 22

What clinical findings are associated with diffuse peripheral nerve/NMJ/muscle lesions?

Answer 22

all four limbs - diffuse decreased to absent reflexes and diffuse decreased to absent tone