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Small Animal Medicine > Cardio - Intro > Flashcards

Cardio - Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is structural heart disease?

A

Abnormalities in heart valves and heart muscle

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2
Q

What is functional heart disease?

A

Systolic or diastolic dysfunction

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3
Q

What is vascular disease?

A

Systemic or pulmonary vascular abnormalities

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4
Q

What are rhythm disturbances?

A

Irregular, fast, or slow arrhtyhmias

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5
Q

What are the 2 general causes of structural heart disease?

A

Pressure overload and volume overload

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6
Q

What are the 2 general causes of functional heart disease?

A

Systolic and diastolic dysfunction

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7
Q

What are some types of congenital diseases that cause pressure overload?

A

pulmonic stenosis, subaortic stenosis, R to L shunting lesions (reversed PDA)

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8
Q

What are some types of acquired diseases that cause pressure overload?

A

Systemic hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, HWD (pulm HT)

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9
Q

What are some examples of congenital diseases that cause volume overload?

A

Mitral and tricuspid valve dysplasia, L to R shunting lesions (PDA, ASD, VSD)

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10
Q

What are some examples of acquired diseases that cause volume overload?

A

Degenerative valve disease, endocarditis, chronic bradyarrhythmias

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11
Q

What are some examples of congenital diseases that cause systolic dysfunction?

A

There are none :)

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12
Q

What are some examples of acquired diseases that cause systolic dysfunction?

A

DCM, ARVC, myocarditis, infiltrative neoplasia, hypothyroidism, sustained tachyarrhythmias, end-stage volume overload disease

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13
Q

What are some examples of congenital diseases that cause diastolic dysfunction?

A

Peritoneal pericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPHD)

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14
Q

What are some examples of acquired diseases that cause diastolic dysfunction?

A

HCM, pericardial disease, neoplasia

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15
Q

What are pressure overload diseases?

A

Those that require the heart to generate greater than normal ventricular pressures to eject blood

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16
Q

What are volume overload diseases?

A

Those that result in a higher than normal end diastolic volume in the ventricle

17
Q

What are systolic dysfunction diseases?

A

Those that result in reduced pumping function of the heart (low SV and CO)

18
Q

What are diastolic dysfunction diseases?

A

Those that result in reduced relaxation function of the heart

19
Q

What are the 4 complications of heart disease?

A

Poor perfusion, CHF, arrhythmias, thromboembolic disease (cats)

20
Q

What are the 6 rules of the heart?

A
  1. Two circulations are arranged in series
  2. The heart is a muscle
  3. The heart’s response to disease is predictable
  4. The heart has 3 functions
  5. Blood is lazy
  6. BP = CO x VR
21
Q

What is the flow of the R heart?

A

vena cavae –> RA –> RV –> PA –> lungs

22
Q

What is the flow of the L heart?

A

Lungs –> PV –> LA –> LV –> aorta –> systemic circulation

23
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

Supply of blood to the heart itself (myocytes) by the coronary arteries

24
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

When muscle cells have gotten bigger

25
Q

Pressure overload disease results in _____ hypertrophy.

A

concentric

26
Q

Volume overload disease leads to _____ hypertrophy

A

Eccentric

27
Q

Why does eccentric hypertrophy cause the heart walls to appear normal in thickness?

A

The wall should technically be thinner because of increased volume (think of a filled latex balloon), but since the cells are hypertrophied they appear normal

28
Q

What are the 3 functions of the heart?

A

Conduction, diastole, systole

29
Q

What happens during conduction?

A

Conduction of electricity

30
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

Ventricles relax

31
Q

What happens during systole?

A

Ventricles contract and pump blood to the body

32
Q

Why is blood considered “lazy”?

A

It always takes the path of least resistance (i.e. high pressure –> low pressure)

33
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

SV x HR

34
Q

What are the components of stroke volume?

A

preload, afterload, and contractility

Small Animal Medicine (100 decks)

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