Neuro - Diseases of the Intracranial Nervous System Flashcards
What clinical findings are associated with degenerative diseases?
Usually begin earlier in life (in animals less than 1 year of age), progressive clinical signs, often multifocal signs, and non-painful
What is hydrocephalus?
abnormal dilation of intracranial ventricles
True or False: Hydrocephalus is only congenital.
false - it can also be acquired
What breeds is congenital hydrocephalus associated?
dome-shaped skull breeds
What abnormality can hydrocephalus be associated with?
a fontanelle
What can cause acquired hydrocephalus?
tumor, inflammation, trauma, and/or bleeding
What are the pathophysiologic sequela associated with hydrocephalus?
Increases in intracranial pressure then decreases in cerebral blood flow then neuronal dysfunction, then herniation, and then cell death
True or False: The pathophysiologic sequela of hydrocephalus are unique to it.
False - they are true of all structural intracranial diseases
What is a syringomyelia?
fluid filled cavities of the spinal cord
What is the pathophysiology of a syringomyelia?
there is often a prolem at the foramen magnum or the fourth ventricle
What breed is the poster child for syringomyelia? Why?
Cavalier king charles spaniels - their skull is too small for their brain contents
What metabolic diseases can lead to neurologic signs?
Hypo or hyper - glucose, sodium, potassium, and calcium
True or False: Brain tumors can be primary or metastatic.
true
True or False: Neoplasia in structures adjacent to the brain can cause neurologic signs
true
What are some of the primary brain tumors (general)?
meningioma, glioma, and choroid plexus/ependymoma
What are some types of gliomas?
astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, mixed, glioblastoma multiforme
What is the most common primary brain tumor of dogs and cats?
meningioma
What do meningiomas arise from?
meninges (arachnoid)
Are meningiomas possibly benign or malignant?
benign, but there are malignant varietes
How do meningiomas cause pathophysiologic effects?
due to the volume
How are neoplasias treated?
surgical removal, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, treatment of elevated intracranial pressure, and/or treatment of seizures
What nutritional deficit can cause neurological signs in cats that aren’t eating?
thiamine deficiency
What clinical findings are associated with thiamine deficiency in cats?
vestibular signs, ventral neck flexion, and dilated pupils
What is encephalitis?
inflammation of the brain
What is meningitis?
inflammation of the meninges
Is encephalitis due to an infectious agent only?
No, there can be non-infectious or infectious causes
What are the common infectious causes of encephalitis in dogs?
viral, fungal, protozoal, or rickessial
What viral causes can lead to encephalitis in dogs?
distemper, herpes, and parainfluenza
What fungal causes can lead to encephalitis in dogs?
blasto or coccidio
What protozoal causes can cause encephalitis in dogs?
toxo or neospora
What rickessial causes can cause encephalitis in dogs?
RMSF or ehrlichia
What are the common infectious causes of encephalitis in cats?
viral, fungal, protozoal, or rickessial
What viral causes can lead to encephalitis in cats?
Corona (FIP), panleukopenia
What fungal causes can lead to encephalitis in cats?
crypto
What protozoal causes can lead to encephalitis in cats?
toxo
What rickessial causes can lead to encephalitis in cats?
RMSF and erhlichia
What breeds are prone to encephalitis (they have their ‘own’ encephalitis)?
Pug encephalitis, yorkshire terriers, and maltese terriers
What does Dr. Bagley call all of the encephalitis diseases?
Idiopathic inflammatory brain disease
What can be used to treat non-specific encephalitis?
Trimethoprim sulfa, clindamycin, doxocycline, and/or prednisolone
What can be used to treat inflammatory brain disease?
Prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, azothiprine, cytosne arabinoside, procarbazine, leflunomide, and cyclosporin A
When will neuro clinical signs typically develop post trauma?
there will usually be an acute onset of clinical signs
What are the types cerebrovascular disease?
infarction, thrombus, hemorrhage, and hypertension
When will clinical signs develop of cerebrovascular disease?
acute onset
What breeds are predisposed to cerebrovascular disease?
greyhounds and shelties
