Neuro - Diseases of the Intracranial Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What clinical findings are associated with degenerative diseases?

A

Usually begin earlier in life (in animals less than 1 year of age), progressive clinical signs, often multifocal signs, and non-painful

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2
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

abnormal dilation of intracranial ventricles

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3
Q

True or False: Hydrocephalus is only congenital.

A

false - it can also be acquired

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4
Q

What breeds is congenital hydrocephalus associated?

A

dome-shaped skull breeds

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5
Q

What abnormality can hydrocephalus be associated with?

A

a fontanelle

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6
Q

What can cause acquired hydrocephalus?

A

tumor, inflammation, trauma, and/or bleeding

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7
Q

What are the pathophysiologic sequela associated with hydrocephalus?

A

Increases in intracranial pressure then decreases in cerebral blood flow then neuronal dysfunction, then herniation, and then cell death

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8
Q

True or False: The pathophysiologic sequela of hydrocephalus are unique to it.

A

False - they are true of all structural intracranial diseases

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9
Q

What is a syringomyelia?

A

fluid filled cavities of the spinal cord

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10
Q

What is the pathophysiology of a syringomyelia?

A

there is often a prolem at the foramen magnum or the fourth ventricle

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11
Q

What breed is the poster child for syringomyelia? Why?

A

Cavalier king charles spaniels - their skull is too small for their brain contents

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12
Q

What metabolic diseases can lead to neurologic signs?

A

Hypo or hyper - glucose, sodium, potassium, and calcium

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13
Q

True or False: Brain tumors can be primary or metastatic.

A

true

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14
Q

True or False: Neoplasia in structures adjacent to the brain can cause neurologic signs

A

true

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15
Q

What are some of the primary brain tumors (general)?

A

meningioma, glioma, and choroid plexus/ependymoma

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16
Q

What are some types of gliomas?

A

astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, mixed, glioblastoma multiforme

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17
Q

What is the most common primary brain tumor of dogs and cats?

A

meningioma

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18
Q

What do meningiomas arise from?

A

meninges (arachnoid)

19
Q

Are meningiomas possibly benign or malignant?

A

benign, but there are malignant varietes

20
Q

How do meningiomas cause pathophysiologic effects?

A

due to the volume

21
Q

How are neoplasias treated?

A

surgical removal, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, treatment of elevated intracranial pressure, and/or treatment of seizures

22
Q

What nutritional deficit can cause neurological signs in cats that aren’t eating?

A

thiamine deficiency

23
Q

What clinical findings are associated with thiamine deficiency in cats?

A

vestibular signs, ventral neck flexion, and dilated pupils

24
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

inflammation of the brain

25
What is meningitis?
inflammation of the meninges
26
Is encephalitis due to an infectious agent only?
No, there can be non-infectious or infectious causes
27
What are the common infectious causes of encephalitis in dogs?
viral, fungal, protozoal, or rickessial
28
What viral causes can lead to encephalitis in dogs?
distemper, herpes, and parainfluenza
29
What fungal causes can lead to encephalitis in dogs?
blasto or coccidio
30
What protozoal causes can cause encephalitis in dogs?
toxo or neospora
31
What rickessial causes can cause encephalitis in dogs?
RMSF or ehrlichia
32
What are the common infectious causes of encephalitis in cats?
viral, fungal, protozoal, or rickessial
33
What viral causes can lead to encephalitis in cats?
Corona (FIP), panleukopenia
34
What fungal causes can lead to encephalitis in cats?
crypto
35
What protozoal causes can lead to encephalitis in cats?
toxo
36
What rickessial causes can lead to encephalitis in cats?
RMSF and erhlichia
37
What breeds are prone to encephalitis (they have their 'own' encephalitis)?
Pug encephalitis, yorkshire terriers, and maltese terriers
38
What does Dr. Bagley call all of the encephalitis diseases?
Idiopathic inflammatory brain disease
39
What can be used to treat non-specific encephalitis?
Trimethoprim sulfa, clindamycin, doxocycline, and/or prednisolone
40
What can be used to treat inflammatory brain disease?
Prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, azothiprine, cytosne arabinoside, procarbazine, leflunomide, and cyclosporin A
41
When will neuro clinical signs typically develop post trauma?
there will usually be an acute onset of clinical signs
42
What are the types cerebrovascular disease?
infarction, thrombus, hemorrhage, and hypertension
43
When will clinical signs develop of cerebrovascular disease?
acute onset
44
What breeds are predisposed to cerebrovascular disease?
greyhounds and shelties