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Small Animal Medicine > Neuro - Diseases of the Intracranial Nervous System > Flashcards

Neuro - Diseases of the Intracranial Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What clinical findings are associated with degenerative diseases?

A

Usually begin earlier in life (in animals less than 1 year of age), progressive clinical signs, often multifocal signs, and non-painful

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2
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

abnormal dilation of intracranial ventricles

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3
Q

True or False: Hydrocephalus is only congenital.

A

false - it can also be acquired

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4
Q

What breeds is congenital hydrocephalus associated?

A

dome-shaped skull breeds

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5
Q

What abnormality can hydrocephalus be associated with?

A

a fontanelle

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6
Q

What can cause acquired hydrocephalus?

A

tumor, inflammation, trauma, and/or bleeding

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7
Q

What are the pathophysiologic sequela associated with hydrocephalus?

A

Increases in intracranial pressure then decreases in cerebral blood flow then neuronal dysfunction, then herniation, and then cell death

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8
Q

True or False: The pathophysiologic sequela of hydrocephalus are unique to it.

A

False - they are true of all structural intracranial diseases

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9
Q

What is a syringomyelia?

A

fluid filled cavities of the spinal cord

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10
Q

What is the pathophysiology of a syringomyelia?

A

there is often a prolem at the foramen magnum or the fourth ventricle

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11
Q

What breed is the poster child for syringomyelia? Why?

A

Cavalier king charles spaniels - their skull is too small for their brain contents

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12
Q

What metabolic diseases can lead to neurologic signs?

A

Hypo or hyper - glucose, sodium, potassium, and calcium

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13
Q

True or False: Brain tumors can be primary or metastatic.

A

true

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14
Q

True or False: Neoplasia in structures adjacent to the brain can cause neurologic signs

A

true

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15
Q

What are some of the primary brain tumors (general)?

A

meningioma, glioma, and choroid plexus/ependymoma

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16
Q

What are some types of gliomas?

A

astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, mixed, glioblastoma multiforme

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17
Q

What is the most common primary brain tumor of dogs and cats?

A

meningioma

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18
Q

What do meningiomas arise from?

A

meninges (arachnoid)

19
Q

Are meningiomas possibly benign or malignant?

A

benign, but there are malignant varietes

20
Q

How do meningiomas cause pathophysiologic effects?

A

due to the volume

21
Q

How are neoplasias treated?

A

surgical removal, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, treatment of elevated intracranial pressure, and/or treatment of seizures

22
Q

What nutritional deficit can cause neurological signs in cats that aren’t eating?

A

thiamine deficiency

23
Q

What clinical findings are associated with thiamine deficiency in cats?

A

vestibular signs, ventral neck flexion, and dilated pupils

24
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

inflammation of the brain

25
Q

What is meningitis?

A

inflammation of the meninges

26
Q

Is encephalitis due to an infectious agent only?

A

No, there can be non-infectious or infectious causes

27
Q

What are the common infectious causes of encephalitis in dogs?

A

viral, fungal, protozoal, or rickessial

28
Q

What viral causes can lead to encephalitis in dogs?

A

distemper, herpes, and parainfluenza

29
Q

What fungal causes can lead to encephalitis in dogs?

A

blasto or coccidio

30
Q

What protozoal causes can cause encephalitis in dogs?

A

toxo or neospora

31
Q

What rickessial causes can cause encephalitis in dogs?

A

RMSF or ehrlichia

32
Q

What are the common infectious causes of encephalitis in cats?

A

viral, fungal, protozoal, or rickessial

33
Q

What viral causes can lead to encephalitis in cats?

A

Corona (FIP), panleukopenia

34
Q

What fungal causes can lead to encephalitis in cats?

A

crypto

35
Q

What protozoal causes can lead to encephalitis in cats?

A

toxo

36
Q

What rickessial causes can lead to encephalitis in cats?

A

RMSF and erhlichia

37
Q

What breeds are prone to encephalitis (they have their ‘own’ encephalitis)?

A

Pug encephalitis, yorkshire terriers, and maltese terriers

38
Q

What does Dr. Bagley call all of the encephalitis diseases?

A

Idiopathic inflammatory brain disease

39
Q

What can be used to treat non-specific encephalitis?

A

Trimethoprim sulfa, clindamycin, doxocycline, and/or prednisolone

40
Q

What can be used to treat inflammatory brain disease?

A

Prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, azothiprine, cytosne arabinoside, procarbazine, leflunomide, and cyclosporin A

41
Q

When will neuro clinical signs typically develop post trauma?

A

there will usually be an acute onset of clinical signs

42
Q

What are the types cerebrovascular disease?

A

infarction, thrombus, hemorrhage, and hypertension

43
Q

When will clinical signs develop of cerebrovascular disease?

A

acute onset

44
Q

What breeds are predisposed to cerebrovascular disease?

A

greyhounds and shelties

Small Animal Medicine (100 decks)

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