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small animal medicine > Gastro - Diseases of the Colon > Flashcards

Gastro - Diseases of the Colon Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal function of the colon?

A

Fluid storage, motor function, mucus secretion, passive water flux, and bacteria flora

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2
Q

Do anaerobes or aerobes prevail in the colon?

A

anaerobes

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3
Q

What are clinical signs of colon disease?

A

LB diarrhea, hematochezia, mucus, tenesmus, frequent defecation, small volumes of stool, and there are rarely systemic signs

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4
Q

What are the causes of chronic colitis?

A

Infectious (parasites, fungi), infiltrative disease, intussusception, and motility disturbances

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5
Q

What infiltrative disease can cause chronic colitis?

A

IBD colitis, neoplasia, and mycotic colitits

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6
Q

Where does Trichuris vulpis preside?

A

the cecum and the colon

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7
Q

Is diarrhea due to Trichuris vulpis chronic or acute?

A

It can be acute, chronic, or intermittent

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8
Q

What is the treatment of choice for Trichuris vulpis?

A

fenbendazole for 5 days

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9
Q

What are the common causes of bacterial colitis?

A

Clostridial species (perfringens and difficile), Salmonellosis, E. coli, and C. jejuni

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10
Q

What common etiologic agent of bacterial colitis is zoonotic?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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11
Q

Why is bacterial colitis tough to diagnose?

A

because the problem bacteria are commensals

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12
Q

What is the etiologic agent of fungal/algal colitis?

A

Histoplasmosis

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13
Q

What clinical signs are associated with fungal colitis?

A

Large bowel diarrhea +/- systemic signs

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14
Q

How is fungal colitis diagnosed?

A

rectal scrapes/endoscopic biopsy; urine Ag

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15
Q

What is the therapy of choice for fungal colitis?

A

itraconazole/fluconazole for long-term therapy of 4-6 months

Prednisone to reduce inflammation seen with fungal death for 1-2 weeks

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16
Q

What is the prognosis for Prototheca colitis?

A

poor

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17
Q

What causes the clinical signs of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

infiltrates and mediators

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18
Q

How is inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis of exclusion and GIT biopsy

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19
Q

How is Inflammatory Bowel Disease treated?

A

nutrition and drugs

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20
Q

What are some structural causes of chronic GI disease?

A

intussusception and neoplasia

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21
Q

What are some metabolic diseases that cause chronic GI disease?

A

Renal disease, liver disease, Addison’s disease, and hyperthyroidism

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22
Q

What are some parasites that cause chronic GI disease?

A

Giardia, Cryptosporidia, T. felis, and Physaloptera

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23
Q

What are some infectious diseases that cause chronic GI disease?

A

FeLV/FIV, Toxoplasmosis, and histoplasmosis

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24
Q

How would you treat chronic enteropathy due to Giardia?

A

Fenbendazole

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25
Q

If you have a dog or cat that comes into the clinic and has chronic enteropathy, what is the first therapy you should try?
You have already ruled out parasites.

A

Try a food trail
In cats - 7 day elimination trial
In dogs - 14 day elimination trial

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26
Q

If a food trial does not work to treat chronic enteropathy, what should your next therapy be?

A

Try antibiotics - Metronidazole is the most common

Others that could be used are Tylosin and Oxytetracycline

27
Q

What food additive should you use to try and treat for colitis?

A

Fermentable fiber (psyllium)

28
Q

What supplementation should be given to patients with chronic enteropathies?

A

Cobalamin

29
Q

How many biopsies should you take from the stomach when testing for IBD?

A

At least 8 gastric biopsies

30
Q

How many biopsies should you take from the duodenum when testing for IBD?

A

At least 15 duodenal biopsies

31
Q

Can you cure IBD?

A

It is rarely curative; control is possible in most patients

32
Q

Will relapses occur in patients with IBD?

A

yes

33
Q

What therapy is important for treatment of IBD?

A

Nutrition therapy

34
Q

What type of diet would you want to give to a patient with IBD?

A

Hydrolized rations or novel single Ag

35
Q

What percentage of IBD patients respond to nutritional therapies?

A

50%

36
Q

What drugs would you want to give to patients with IBD?

A

Prednisone and other immunosuppressives to decrease mucosal inflammation

37
Q

What agents, in food therapy, will help with clinical recovery of IBD?

A

bulking agents (fermentable fiber)

38
Q

Why are bulking agents good?

A

They bind to irritants, promote motility, and provide short-chain fatty acids

39
Q

What effects do corticosteroids have?

A

anti-inflammatory/antiprostaglandin

40
Q

What is the first choice corticosteroid to use in cats and dogs?

A

Prednisone in dogs and prednisolone in cats at 1-2 mg/kg/day

41
Q

What do corticosteroids suppress (side effects)?

A

HPA supression

42
Q

Other immunosuppressives may need to be given for IBD therapy. What drugs may you want to use?

A

Cyclosporine or chlorambucil

43
Q

How will lymphopcytic-plasmacytic colitis look on biopsy?

A

Hyperplastic lymph nodes, multiple erosions, and no significant macrophage infiltrate

44
Q

What is granulomatous colitis a variant of?

A

It is a canine IBD variant

45
Q

What breed is granulomatous colitis common in? Age?

A

Boxers, <2 years

46
Q

What clinical signs are associated with granulomatous colitis?

A

LB diarrhea and systemic signs

47
Q

How will granulomatous colitis look like on biopsy?

A

Intense granulomatous infiltrate

48
Q

What is the etiologic agent of granulomatous colitis?

A

Attaching/invasive E. coli

49
Q

What is the drug therapy of choice for granulomatous colitis?

A

Fluoroquinilones

Recent data supports the use of enrofloxacin

50
Q

What is the prognosis for granulomatous colitis?

A

good

51
Q

What are the clinical signs for fiber-responsive colitis (FBD)?

A

Large bowel diarrhea +/- blood and mucus

52
Q

What type of disease is irritable bowel syndrome?

A

It is a functional disease - decreased motility

53
Q

What clinical signs are associated with irritable bowel syndrome?

A

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation

54
Q

How is FRD and IBS diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis of exclusion - marked resolution on high fiber diets, consider motility modifiers

55
Q

What colorectal neoplasias predominate?

A

Malignant tumors - Adenocarcinoma, lymphosarcoma, and leiomyoma/sarcoma

56
Q

Where do most colorectal neoplasias reside?

A

in the left colon

57
Q

Where are colorectal neoplasias commonly located in cats?

A

ileocolic area

58
Q

At what age are colorectal neoplasias commonly found?

A

Middle-aged or older animals

59
Q

What clinical signs are associated with colorectal neoplasias?

A

Large bowel diarrhea +/- systemic signs

60
Q

How are colorectal neoplasias diagnosed?

A

examination, imaging, and endoscopic biopsy

61
Q

What diagnostic tool is critical for determining colorectal neoplasia therapy?

A

histology

62
Q

What is the prognosis for lymphosarcoma?

A

8-12 months with UW-25 protocol

63
Q

What is the prognosis for colorectal adenocarcinomas?

A

good remission with surgery

15-22 months in dogs and cats

64
Q

What is the prognosis for adenomatous polyps?

A

excellent

small animal medicine (100 decks)

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