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Small Animal Medicine > Neuro - Spinal Cord Diseases > Flashcards

Neuro - Spinal Cord Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What clinical signs are associated with limb dysfunction?

A

ataxia, hypermetria, paresis, and plegia

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2
Q

What are our top differentials for spinal diseases?

A

Intervertebral disease, trauma (external), neoplasia, myelitis/meningitis, vascular, diskospondylitis/osteomyelitis, and syringmyelia

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3
Q

What are the key diagnostics for spinal diseases?

A

Radiographs, advanced imaging (MR), and CSF analysis

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4
Q

What is the most common spinal disease in dogs and cats?

A

intervertebral disk disease

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5
Q

Does intervertebral disease focus on a specific portion of the spinal cord?

A

no - it can affect any region of the spinal cord

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6
Q

Is intervertebral disk disease typically painful?

A

It can be painful or nonpainful

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7
Q

What are the two forms of intervertebral disk disease?

A

type I - chondroid metaplasia and type II - fibroid metaplasia

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8
Q

Chondroid metaplasia is an acute/chronic process that is associated with extrusions/protrusions.

A

acute, extrusions

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9
Q

Fibroid metaplasia is an acute/chronic process that is associated with extrusions/protrusions.

A

chronic, protrusions

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10
Q

What is degenerative myelopathy?

A

progressive degeneration of the spinal cord

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11
Q

What breeds have a higher incidence of degenerative myelopathy?

A

German Shepherds, Boxers, and Corgis

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12
Q

Where do clinical signs of degenerative myelopathy originate?

A

in the pelvic limbs

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13
Q

True or false: Degenerative myelopathy is a non-painful degenerative disease.

A

TRUE

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14
Q

How will degenerative myelopathy look on MR?

A

normal

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15
Q

What will the CSF of patients with degenerative myelopathy show?

A

it will be normal - it may show increased protein

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16
Q

What is often an incidental finding on radiographs of patients with degenerative myelopathy?

A

spondylosis deformans

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17
Q

In patients with fibrocartilaginous emboli, what are clinical signs often associated with?

A

exercise

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18
Q

Is fibrocartilaginous emboli a painful or nonpainful spinous disease?

A

non-painful

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19
Q

Are clinical signs associated with fibrocartilaginous emboli symmetric or asymmetric?

A

asymmetric

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20
Q

What other spinous disease process is fibrocartilaginous emboli clinically indistinguishable from?

A

traumatic disk disease

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21
Q

What are extradural neoplasias?

A

They are tumors of structures surrounding the spinal cord

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22
Q

What are intradural/extramedullary neoplasias?

A

neoplasias involving the meninges

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23
Q

What are intramedullary neoplasias?

A

neoplasias that arise from within the spinal cord tissues

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24
Q

True or False: Clinical signs associated with spinal cord neoplasias can be acute in onset.

A

true

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25
Q

What is myelitis?

A

inflammation of the spinal cord

26
Q

What is meningitis of the spinal cord?

A

inflammation of the spinal cord and the meninges

27
Q

Describe how the clinical signs are in patients with myelitis.

A

They may be diffuse and are often associated with pain

28
Q

Myelitis can be infectious or non-infectious. What can cause infectious myelitis in dogs?

A

distemper or toxo

29
Q

Myelitis can be infectious or non-infectious. What can cause infectious myelitis in cats?

A

toxo or FIP

30
Q

Where do you want to collect CSF in myelitis suspect cases?

A

caudal to where the main problem is - safer

31
Q

What is a consistent clinical sign with diskospondylitis?

A

pain - either focal or diffuse

32
Q

Aside from pain, what clinical findings may be associated with diskospondylitis?

A

may have systemic signs, fever, and an inflammatory leukogram

33
Q

What is diskospondylitis?

A

infection within the disk space due to bacterial or fungal causes

34
Q

What bacteria is associated with diskospondylitis?

A

Staph, E. coli, and Brucella

35
Q

What is done to diagnose diskospondylitis?

A

radiographs, blood/urine culture (to determine the infectious cause), and direct culture

36
Q

What will diskospondylitis look like radiographically?

A

there will be lysis of the end plate and hyperostosis

37
Q

When is the onset of clinical signs due to trauma to the spinal cord?

A

acute onset

38
Q

What kind of injuries does exogenous trauma cause to the spinal cord?

A

fractures, luxations, and sub-luxations

39
Q

What shouldn’t be done if you have a patient that has had trauma to the spinal cord?

A

you shouldn’t make things worse by moving

40
Q

Are radiographs helpful in evaluating trauma to the spinal cord?

A

Yes they can be helpful but they may not show all of the injuries. Remember, radiographs only show where the vertebra are now, not how far they have traveled

41
Q

What is syringomyelia?

A

fluid filled cavities within the spinal cord

42
Q

What can syringomyelia result from?

A

Other primary disease that affects the spinal cord and often results from pathophysiology often at the caudal skull region

43
Q

What clinical signs are associated with syringomyelia?

A

none - many dogs are asymptomatic

44
Q

Who is the poster child for Wobbler’s syndrome?

A

middle to older aged doberman and young large breed dog

45
Q

What is Wobbler’s syndrome?

A

cervical vertebral malformation/malarticulation and compression

46
Q

What kind of myelopathy is Wobbler’s syndrome?

A

stenotic myelopathy

47
Q

Where is Wobbler’s syndrome usually located?

A

the caudal cervical area

48
Q

Early on which limbs are typically involved/affected in patients with Wobbler’s syndrome?

A

the pelvic limbs

49
Q

Is Wobbler’s an acute or chronic process?

A

chronic

50
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Wobbler’s syndrome?

A

ataxia and paresis

51
Q

Is pain associated with Wobbler’s syndrome?

A

It is sometimes a feature, however it is inconsistent

52
Q

What diagnostic tool is used to demonstrate compression in patients with Wobbler’s syndrome?

A

advanced imaging (MR)

53
Q

What breeds commonly get atlantoaxial instability?

A

smaller breeds, often younger

54
Q

What is atlantoaxial instability?

A

malformation/instability at C1-C2 articulation - likely congenital or genetic, but trauma can cause this as well

55
Q

What diagnostic tool is helpful for diagnosing atlantoaxial instability?

A

radiographs and MR imaging for a complete diagnosis

56
Q

What is lumbosacral disease also known as?

A

cauda equina syndrome

57
Q

Is lumbosacral disease painful or not painful?

A

it is very painful

58
Q

What disease processes can cause lumbosacral disease?

A

any disease can occur there - tumor, diskospondylitis, and traumatic injury

59
Q

Where is degenerative lumbosacral disease localized?

A

at the LS junction

60
Q

What other disease process is often associated with degenerative lumbosacral disease?

A

degenerative IVD

61
Q

What is the most common clinical sign of degenerative lumbosacral disease?

A

pain

62
Q

What clinical signs are rare with degenerative lumbosacral disease?

A

paresis

Small Animal Medicine (100 decks)

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