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Small Animal Medicine > Cardio - Echo > Flashcards

Cardio - Echo Flashcards

1
Q

What are some advantages to using echo?

A

Useful for assessing cardiac structure AND function, provides definitive diagnosis of most cardiac diseases, noninvasive

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2
Q

What are disadvantages of echo?

A

Requires expensive equiment and technical expertise

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3
Q

How does echo work?

A

High frequency sound waves are emitted from a transducer and are reflected/refracted/absorbed by tissues

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4
Q

What determines the proportion of reflected waves (returing to transducer)?

A

Acoustic impedance

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5
Q

What has the greatest to least acoustic impedance?

A

Fluid > soft tissue > fibrous tissue > solids (bone)

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6
Q

What are the 4 echo modalities?

A

2D, M-mode, color doppler, spectral doppler

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7
Q

What is M-mode?

A

Still image of single 1D slice throughout multiple cardiac cycle

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8
Q

What is color doppler?

A

Codes blood flow with color indicating direction

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9
Q

What is spectral doppler?

A

Measures velocity of blood flow

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10
Q

What are the 3 sites on which the transducer can be placed?

A

R parasternal, L apical, Subcostal

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11
Q

What orientations can you hold the transducer at?

A

Long-axis, short-axis

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12
Q

A

A

RV free wall

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13
Q

B

A

RV

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14
Q

C

A

tricuspid valve

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15
Q

D

A

RA

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16
Q

E

A

interventricular septum

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17
Q

F

A

LV

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18
Q

G

A

LV free wall

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19
Q

H

A

mitral valve

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20
Q

I

A

LA

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21
Q

The LV should be ____ the size and thickness of the RV in long-axis.

A

3-4x

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22
Q

LA and LV should be roughly the same maximum _____.

A

height

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23
Q

_____ and _____ should be roughly the same diameter.

A

LA and Ao

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24
Q

What does it mean if the doppler is showing “party colors”?

A

There is turbulent, high-velocity flow in that area

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25
Q

What does blue on the doppler mean?

A

away

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26
Q

What does red on the doppler mean?

A

towards

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27
Q

A

A

RV

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28
Q

B

A

Interventricular septum

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29
Q

C

A

LV

30
Q

D

A

LV papillary muscles

31
Q

E

A

LV free wall

32
Q

A

A

RV

33
Q

B

A

Interventricular septum

34
Q

C

A

LV lumen

35
Q

D

A

LV free wall

36
Q

E

A

diastole

37
Q

F

A

systole

38
Q

What is fractional shortening (%FS)?

A

Echocardiographic index of LV systolic function;

Amount that the LV shortens in one cardiac cycle from diastole to systole

39
Q

How is %FS measured?

A

(LVIDd - LVIDs) / LVIDd

IDd = size in diastole; IDs = size in systole

40
Q

What is the normal %FS in dogs?

A

~28-45%

41
Q

What is depicted here?

A

Mitral valve opening and closing

42
Q

In the RP Sax, what are we looking for when then LV is in diastole?

A

dilation

43
Q

In the RP Sax, what are we looking for when looking at the LV wall thickness?

A

hypertrophy

44
Q

In the RP Sax, what are we looking for when we are evaluating LV systolic function?

A

%FS

45
Q

In the RP Sax, what shape should the RV be?

A

Small crescent

46
Q

What view is used to assess LA enlargement?

A

RP Sax: LA:Ao

47
Q

A

A

tricuspid valve

48
Q

B

A

RV

49
Q

C

A

RA

50
Q

D

A

aorta

51
Q

E

A

pulmonic valve

52
Q

F

A

LA

53
Q

G

A

L Auricle

54
Q

A

A

aorta

55
Q

B

A

LA

56
Q

What is the normal LA:Ao ratio in M-mode and in 2D?

A

< 1.5 : 1

57
Q

What is considered the ratio of LA:Ao at which the LA is severely enlarged?

A

>2:1

58
Q

What 2 things do we look for in the RP Sax heart base view (LA:Ao, PA)?

A

LA enlargement (LA:Ao), PA enlargement (pulmonary hypertension)

59
Q

What is the normal velocity of blood flow across the pulmonic valve?

A

~100 cm/s

60
Q

What is depicted here?

A

Spectral doppler view of velocity of blood flow (across the pulmonic valve)

61
Q

What does the subcostal view allow for?

A

Allows us to align with the LV outflow tract (aorta and PV) through the diaphragm

62
Q

A

A

RV free wall

63
Q

B

A

RV

64
Q

C

A

tricuspid valve

65
Q

D

A

interventricular septum

66
Q

E

A

LV

67
Q

F

A

LV free wall

68
Q

G

A

mitral valve

69
Q

H

A

RA

70
Q

I

A

LA

71
Q

What 3 things do we look for in the L apical view?

A

LV should be 3-4x the size and thickness of RV, valve thickening/regurg (?), cardiac masses

Small Animal Medicine (100 decks)

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