Cardio - Echo

Question 1

What are some advantages to using echo?

Answer 1

Useful for assessing cardiac structure AND function, provides definitive diagnosis of most cardiac diseases, noninvasive

Question 2

What are disadvantages of echo?

Answer 2

Requires expensive equiment and technical expertise

Question 3

How does echo work?

Answer 3

High frequency sound waves are emitted from a transducer and are reflected/refracted/absorbed by tissues

Question 4

What determines the proportion of reflected waves (returing to transducer)?

Answer 4

Acoustic impedance

Question 5

What has the greatest to least acoustic impedance?

Answer 5

Fluid > soft tissue > fibrous tissue > solids (bone)

Question 6

What are the 4 echo modalities?

Answer 6

2D, M-mode, color doppler, spectral doppler

Question 7

What is M-mode?

Answer 7

Still image of single 1D slice throughout multiple cardiac cycle

Question 8

What is color doppler?

Answer 8

Codes blood flow with color indicating direction

Question 9

What is spectral doppler?

Answer 9

Measures velocity of blood flow

Question 10

What are the 3 sites on which the transducer can be placed?

Answer 10

R parasternal, L apical, Subcostal

Question 11

What orientations can you hold the transducer at?

Answer 11

Long-axis, short-axis

Question 12

A

Answer 12

RV free wall

Question 13

B

Answer 13

RV

Question 14

C

Answer 14

tricuspid valve

Question 15

D

Answer 15

RA

Question 16

E

Answer 16

interventricular septum

Question 17

F

Answer 17

LV

Question 18

G

Answer 18

LV free wall

Question 19

H

Answer 19

mitral valve

Question 20

I

Answer 20

LA

Question 21

The LV should be ____ the size and thickness of the RV in long-axis.

Answer 21

3-4x

Question 22

LA and LV should be roughly the same maximum _____.

Answer 22

height

Question 23

_____ and _____ should be roughly the same diameter.

Answer 23

LA and Ao

Question 24

What does it mean if the doppler is showing “party colors”?

Answer 24

There is turbulent, high-velocity flow in that area

Question 25

What does blue on the doppler mean?

Answer 25

away

Question 26

What does red on the doppler mean?

Answer 26

towards

Question 27

A

Answer 27

RV

Question 28

B

Answer 28

Interventricular septum

Question 29

C

Answer 29

LV

Question 30

D

Answer 30

LV papillary muscles

Question 31

E

Answer 31

LV free wall

Question 32

A

Answer 32

RV

Question 33

B

Answer 33

Interventricular septum

Question 34

C

Answer 34

LV lumen

Question 35

D

Answer 35

LV free wall

Question 36

E

Answer 36

diastole

Question 37

F

Answer 37

systole

Question 38

What is fractional shortening (%FS)?

Answer 38

Echocardiographic index of LV systolic function; Amount that the LV shortens in one cardiac cycle from diastole to systole

Question 39

How is %FS measured?

Answer 39

(LVIDd - LVIDs) / LVIDd IDd = size in diastole; IDs = size in systole

Question 40

What is the normal %FS in dogs?

Answer 40

~28-45%

Question 41

What is depicted here?

Answer 41

Mitral valve opening and closing

Question 42

In the RP Sax, what are we looking for when then LV is in diastole?

Answer 42

dilation

Question 43

In the RP Sax, what are we looking for when looking at the LV wall thickness?

Answer 43

hypertrophy

Question 44

In the RP Sax, what are we looking for when we are evaluating LV systolic function?

Answer 44

%FS

Question 45

In the RP Sax, what shape should the RV be?

Answer 45

Small crescent

Question 46

What view is used to assess LA enlargement?

Answer 46

RP Sax: LA:Ao

Question 47

A

Answer 47

tricuspid valve

Question 48

B

Answer 48

RV

Question 49

C

Answer 49

RA

Question 50

D

Answer 50

aorta

Question 51

E

Answer 51

pulmonic valve

Question 52

F

Answer 52

LA

Question 53

G

Answer 53

L Auricle

Question 54

A

Answer 54

aorta

Question 55

B

Answer 55

LA

Question 56

What is the normal LA:Ao ratio in M-mode and in 2D?

Answer 56

\< 1.5 : 1

Question 57

What is considered the ratio of LA:Ao at which the LA is severely enlarged?

Answer 57

\>2:1

Question 58

What 2 things do we look for in the RP Sax heart base view (LA:Ao, PA)?

Answer 58

LA enlargement (LA:Ao), PA enlargement (pulmonary hypertension)

Question 59

What is the normal velocity of blood flow across the pulmonic valve?

Answer 59

~100 cm/s

Question 60

What is depicted here?

Answer 60

Spectral doppler view of velocity of blood flow (across the pulmonic valve)

Question 61

What does the subcostal view allow for?

Answer 61

Allows us to align with the LV outflow tract (aorta and PV) through the diaphragm

Question 62

A

Answer 62

RV free wall

Question 63

B

Answer 63

RV

Question 64

C

Answer 64

tricuspid valve

Question 65

D

Answer 65

interventricular septum

Question 66

E

Answer 66

LV

Question 67

F

Answer 67

LV free wall

Question 68

G

Answer 68

mitral valve

Question 69

H

Answer 69

RA

Question 70

I

Answer 70

LA

Question 71

What 3 things do we look for in the L apical view?

Answer 71

LV should be 3-4x the size and thickness of RV, valve thickening/regurg (?), cardiac masses