Unit 1 Guided Notes Flashcards
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes and the factors that influence them
Psychology
Any observable response or activity by an organism
Behavior
Physiology ad Philosophy
Influencing factors
Relying on observable data
Empiricism
Relying on the simplest explanation possible (ex. of Empiricism)
Parsimony
Human behavior is ultimately predictable (ex. of Empiricism)
Determinism
As a science, psychologists deal with data that can be answered (ex. of Empiricism)
Testability
Wilhelm Wundt
Structuralism
I think…
Therefor, I am.
Wilhelm Wundt emphasized introspective analysis of _____ and _____
Sensation and Perception
William James
Functionalism
Does Functionalism or Structuralism have a more lasting impact?
Functionalism - it lea to behaviorism
Looking within in an attempt to describe one’s own memories, perceptions, and cognitive processes or motivation
Introspection
The branch of psychology that studies the physiological/biological basis of behavior (Emphasis on heredity and biological processes, such as brain chemistry)
Physiological
Function of abnormally low levels of saratonin in the brain
Depression
Psychology should study only observable behavior - actions have consequences
John Watson
The branch of psychology that studies complex behavior and mental processes
Cognitive (Jean Piaget)
Cognitive Psychology Branches
Learning Attention Learning and Memory Verbal Behavior (language) Concept Formation Problem Solving
Psychology emphasizing perception and thought processes - depressed people perceive events in a negative ways and think depressing thoughts
Cognitive Psychology
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Humanistic
An approach to the study of human behavior that emphasizes human experience, choice of creativity, self-realization, and positive growth
Humanism
Emphasis on resolved conflicts from childhood, unconscious motives, and importance of sexuality
Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud
Emphasis on observable behavior and the consequences of behavior
Behaviorism
Emphasis on free will and personal growth
Humanism
Study of biological bases of psychological processes and behavior
Biopsychology
Thinking, conscious experience, observable mental processes
Cognitive Psychology
Study chances that occur with age
Developmental Psychology
Investigation and treatment of abnormal behavior and mental disorders
Clinical Psychology
Interaction between lifestyle and physical health
Health Psychology
Work to improve curriculum designs, achievement testing, and teacher training
Educational Psychology
Testing and counseling of children having difficulties in school; aid parents and teachers
School Psychology
Run Human Resources departments; improve productivity and attitudes, increase job satisfaction and moral
Industrial Psychology
A psychologist who helps organizations that manufacture products or that buy products/services
Consumer Psychology
Investigate relationships between people and physical environment; work with architects and geographers
Environmental Psychology
Studies the effects of culture on behavior
Cultural Psychology
Analyzes criminals - find out what makes them tick
Forensic Psychology
MD - diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
Psychiatrist
PhD or Ed D or PhD - interviews, testing, group/individual psychotherapy
Clinical psychologist
A set of rules that govern the collection and analysis of data gained through observations, studies, and experiments
The Scientific Method
Steps of scientific method
Identify problem
Form hypothesis
Carry out research
Goals of scientific method
Measurement/Description
Understanding/Prediction
Application/Control
Steps in scientific investigation
Formulate a testable hypothesis Select the method and design the study Collect the data Analyze the data and draw conclusions Report the findings
Define the actions and operations used to measure or control a variable
Operationalization
Condition or event directly manipulated by the experimenter
Independent Variable
The aspect or behavior thought to be affected by the IV; outcome or result
Dependent Variable
Outside variables that might affect DV
Extraneous Variables
Gets no special treatment
Control Group
Gets special treatment
Experimental/treatment group
Involved in the experiment with the experimenters
Confederates
Use old, previously recorded data
Archival research
No intervention with subjects
Naturalistic Observation
Questionnaires and interviews used to gather information about specific aspects of behavior
Survey Research
Follows one participant
Case study
Informed consent
Ethics
Experimenter has an idea of how they would want their experiment to turn out
Experimenter Bias
May not experiment seriously; they may try to guess what is happening
Subject Bias
Change in behavior due to no actual treatment
Placebo Effect
Much larger collection of animals/people
Population
Collection of subjects selected for observation
Sample
Used to determine if a relationship between two factors exists, and what type of relationship
Correlational Research
Both variables change in the same direction
Positive Correlations
Variables change in opposite direction
Negative Correlations
Numerical index of degree of relationship between 2 variables
Correlation Coefficient
Make predictions about population based on samples
Inferential Statistics
Make calculations to determine whether research results are statistically significant
Hypothesis testing
Probability that observed findings are due to chance is low
Statistical significance
Repeat to verify results are valid
Replication
