Chapter 3 Review Flashcards
Light waves
Vary in wavelength
Light waves affect the perception of
Amplitude
Wavelength
Purity
Amplitude
Brightness
Wavelength
Color (hue)
Purity
Saturated
Light is registered by
Receptors in the eye
Focuses light rays falling on the retina
Lens
Regulates amount of light passing near the rear of the eye
Pupil
Neural tissue lining inside back surface of the eye
Retina
A hole int he retina that corresponds to blind spot
Optic disk
A tiny spot in center of retina where visual acuity is greatest
Fovea
Play key role in night and peripheral vision is greatly outnumber cones
Rods
Play a key role in day and color vision and provide greater acuity than rods
Cones
Collections of rods and cones that funnel signals to specific visual cells in the retina or the brain
Receptive fields
Makes visual system sensitive to contrast rather than absolute levels of light
Lateral antagonism
Handles perception of color
Parvocellular channel
Processes information regarding brightness
Magnocellular channel
Handles coordination of usual input with other sensory input
Second visual pathway
Located in occipital lobe handles initial cortical processing of visual cortex that respond reletively to specific features of complex stimuli
Primary visual cortex
Neurons in the visual cortex that respond selectively to specific features of complex stimuli
Feature detectors
“Where” pathway
Dorsal stream
“What” pathway
Ventral stream
A discrepancy between the appearance of a visual stimulus and its physical reality
Defined
Works by removing some wavelength of light, leaving less light
Subtractive color mixing
Works by putting more light in the mixture than any one light
Additive color mixing
Holds that the eye has three groups of receptors seisive to wavelengths
Trichromatic Theory
Blue
Red
Green
Trichromatic theory
Receptors make antagonistic responses to each 3 pairs of colors; members in each par work in opposition to each other
Opponent Process theory
Normal color vision; 3 functioning cone systems (Red/Green, Yellow/Blue, White/Black)
Trichromat
2 functioning system, usually black/white and yellow/blue
Dichromat
1 functioning system; color blind; can only see in black/white; and shades of grey; occurs twice as often in males that females
Monochromat
Carried on x gene
Color-blindness
Detecting specific elements and assembling them into complex forms - Gestalt principles
Feature Analysis
Viewers tend to supply missing elements to close or complete a figure
Closure
Elements that are close to one another tend to be grouped together
Proximity
Viewers tend to organize elements in the simplest way possible
Simplicity
Viewers tend to see elements in ways that produce smooth continuation
Continuity
Form perception often involves
Perceptual hypotheses
Inferences about distal stimuli that could be responsible for
Stimuli sensed
Cues about distance based on differing views of the two eyes
`Binocular depth cues
R and Lest eyes see slightly different views of objects w/in 25 feet
Retinal disparity
Clues about distance based on images in either eye alone
Monocular depth cues
Monocular clues that can be given in a flat picture
Pictorial clues
Parallel lines that run away from the viewer seem to get closer together
Linear perspective
As distance increases, texture gradually becomes denser and less distinct
Texture gradient
Shapes of near objects overlap/mask those of more distant ones
Interposition
If separate objects are expected to be the same size, the larger ones are seen as closer
Relative size
Near objects are low in a visual field; more distant ones are higher up
Height in a plane
Patterns of light and dark suggest shadows can create impression of 30 forms
Light and Shadow
Loud
Amplitude
Wavelength
Pitch
Purity
Tinder
External ear’s sound collecting cone
Pinna
Taut membrane at the end of auditory canal that vibrates in response to sound waves
Eardrum
3 tiny bones in middle ear that convert eardrum’s vibrations into smaller motions
Ossicles
Fluid-filled coiled tunnel housing inner ear’s neural tissue
Chochlea
Holds hair cells that serve as auditory receptors
Basilar membrane
Perception of pitch depends on portion of Basilar Membrane vibrated
Place Theory
Place Theory
Von Helmholtz
Perception of pitch depends on basilar membrane’s rate of vibration
Frequency theory
Explain pitch perception
Place Theory AND Frequency Theory
Involves locating source of sounds in space
Auditory Localization
Studies the relationship between stimulation in environment and how that is perceived
Psychophysics
Smallest amount of stimulation detectable
Absolute threshold
Smallest amount of change in stimulation detectable
Difference Threshold (JND)
The size of a JND is a constant proportion of size of initial stimulus
Weber’s Law
Detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes
Signal detection theory
Registration of sensory input without conscious awareness; a genuine phenomenon, but effects tend to be weak
Subliminal Perception
Gilby’s gin advertising sex
Subliminal perception
Gradual decline in sensitivity to a stimulus with prolonged stimulation
Sensory adaptation
Taste cells absorb chemicals in ____ and trigger enuroal impulses routed through ___
Saliva; thalamus
Taste buds sensitive to
4 basic tastes
4 basic tastes
Sweet
Bitter
Sour
Savory (unami)
Largely influenced and heavily shaped by social process
Taste preferences
Have more taste buds and are more sensitive than others to certain sweet and bitter substances
Super tasters
Absorb chemicals in nose and trigger neural impulses
Olfactory cilia
Only sensory system not routed through the thalamus
Smell
Most respond to more than one odor
Olfactory receptors
Difficulty attaching to odors
Names
sensory receptors in skin respond to
Pressure
Temperature
Pain
Pain signals travel along fast pathway that registers
Localized pain
Pain signals travel along slow pathway that registers
Less localized pain sensations
Pain is
Subjective to cultural variations
Receptors monitor position of various parts of the body
Kinesthetic System
Receptors provide information about body’s location in space
Vestibular System
