CHAPTER 5 Vocab F-Z

Question 1

A type of conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 1

Higher-order conditioning

Question 2

The body’s defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral aents, or other foreign substances

Answer 2

Immune response

Question 3

The tendency for an animal’s innate responses to interfere with conditioning processes

Answer 3

Instinctive drift

Question 4

See Operant conditioning

Answer 4

Instrumental learning

Question 5

A reinforcement schedule in which a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

Answer 5

Intermittent reinforcement

Question 6

The principle that a response in the presence of a stimulus and the response is strengthened

Answer 6

Law of effect

Question 7

A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

Answer 7

Learning

Question 8

The fact that, under concurrent schedules of reinforcement, organisms’ relative rate of responding to each alternative tends to match each alternative’s relative rate of reinforcement, organisms’ relative rate of responding to each alternative tends to match each alternative’s relative rate of reinforcement

Answer 8

Matching law

Question 9

A person whose behavior is observed by another

Answer 9

Model

Question 10

The strengthening of a response because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus

Answer 10

Negative reinforcement

Question 11

A type of learning when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models

Answer 11

Observational learning

Question 12

Skinner box

Answer 12

Operant Chamber

Question 13

A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Answer 13

Operant conditioning

Question 14

The idea that the food-seeking behaviors of many animals maximize the nutrition gained in relation to the energy expanded to locate, secure, and consume various foods

Answer 14

Optimal foraging theor

Question 15

Intermittent reinforcement

Answer 15

Partial reinforcement

Question 16

Classical conditioning

Answer 16

Pavlovian conditioning

Question 17

Irrational fears of specific objects or situations

Answer 17

Phobias

Question 18

Reinforcement that occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

Answer 18

Positive reinforcement

Question 19

A species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others

Answer 19

Preparedness

Question 20

Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

Answer 20

Primary reinforcers

Question 21

The rule that people should pay back in kind what they receive from others

Answer 21

Reciprocity norm

Question 22

An event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make that response

Answer 22

Reinforcement

Question 23

The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers

Answer 23

Reinforcement contingencies

Question 24

Largely unconscious defensive maneuvers a client uses to hinder the progress of therapy

Answer 24

Resistance

Question 25

In operant conditioning, the phenomenon that occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated

Answer 25

Resistance to extinction

Question 26

Classical conditioning

Answer 26

Respondant conditioning

Question 27

A specific presentation of reinforcers over time

Answer 27

Schedule of reinforcement

Question 28

Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

Answer 28

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers

Question 29

The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

Answer 29

Shaping

Question 30

Recovering information from memory stores

Answer 30

Retrieval

Question 31

Small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled

Answer 31

Skinner box

Question 32

In classical conditioning, the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 32

Spontaneous recovery

Question 33

Any detectable input from the environment

Answer 33

Stimulus

Question 34

The phenomenon that occurs when a an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Answer 34

Stimulus discrimination

Question 35

The phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responses in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Answer 35

Stimulus generalization

Question 36

Maintaining encoded information in memory over time

Answer 36

Storage

Question 37

A temporary inability to remember something accompanied by a feeling that it’s just out of reach

Answer 37

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 38

A system for doling out symbolic reinforcers that are exchanged later for a variety of genuine reinforcers

Answer 38

Token economy

Question 39

A progressive decrease in a person’s responsiveness to a drug

Answer 39

Tolerance

Question 40

In classical conditioning, any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli

Answer 40

Trial

Question 41

An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioned

Answer 41

UCR (Unconditioned response)

Question 42

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

Answer 42

UCS (Unconditioned stimulus)

Question 43

A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first time response after a variable time interval has elapsed

Answer 43

VI schedule (Variable interval)

Question 44

A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses

Answer 44

VR schedule (Variable ratio)