CHAPTER 5 Vocab F-Z Flashcards
A type of conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
Higher-order conditioning
The body’s defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral aents, or other foreign substances
Immune response
The tendency for an animal’s innate responses to interfere with conditioning processes
Instinctive drift
See Operant conditioning
Instrumental learning
A reinforcement schedule in which a designated response is reinforced only some of the time
Intermittent reinforcement
The principle that a response in the presence of a stimulus and the response is strengthened
Law of effect
A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience
Learning
The fact that, under concurrent schedules of reinforcement, organisms’ relative rate of responding to each alternative tends to match each alternative’s relative rate of reinforcement, organisms’ relative rate of responding to each alternative tends to match each alternative’s relative rate of reinforcement
Matching law
A person whose behavior is observed by another
Model
The strengthening of a response because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus
Negative reinforcement
A type of learning when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models
Observational learning
Skinner box
Operant Chamber
A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
Operant conditioning
The idea that the food-seeking behaviors of many animals maximize the nutrition gained in relation to the energy expanded to locate, secure, and consume various foods
Optimal foraging theor
Intermittent reinforcement
Partial reinforcement
Classical conditioning
Pavlovian conditioning
Irrational fears of specific objects or situations
Phobias
Reinforcement that occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
Positive reinforcement
A species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others
Preparedness
Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
Primary reinforcers
The rule that people should pay back in kind what they receive from others
Reciprocity norm
An event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make that response
Reinforcement
The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers
Reinforcement contingencies
Largely unconscious defensive maneuvers a client uses to hinder the progress of therapy
Resistance
In operant conditioning, the phenomenon that occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated
Resistance to extinction
Classical conditioning
Respondant conditioning
A specific presentation of reinforcers over time
Schedule of reinforcement
Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers
The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response
Shaping
Recovering information from memory stores
Retrieval
Small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled
Skinner box
In classical conditioning, the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
Spontaneous recovery
Any detectable input from the environment
Stimulus
The phenomenon that occurs when a an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
Stimulus discrimination
The phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responses in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
Stimulus generalization
Maintaining encoded information in memory over time
Storage
A temporary inability to remember something accompanied by a feeling that it’s just out of reach
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
A system for doling out symbolic reinforcers that are exchanged later for a variety of genuine reinforcers
Token economy
A progressive decrease in a person’s responsiveness to a drug
Tolerance
In classical conditioning, any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli
Trial
An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioned
UCR (Unconditioned response)
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
UCS (Unconditioned stimulus)
A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first time response after a variable time interval has elapsed
VI schedule (Variable interval)
A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses
VR schedule (Variable ratio)
