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AP Psych 1 > Chapter 10 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Conception to 2 weeks

A

Germinal stage

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2
Q

Zygote becomes a mass of cells that implants in the uterine wall and the placenta begins to form

A

Germinal stage

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3
Q

2 weeks to 8 weeks

A

Embryonic stage

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4
Q

Most vital organs and bodily systems begin to form (very vulnerable)

A

Embryonic stage

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5
Q

8 weeks to birth

A

Fetal stage

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6
Q

Organs continue to grow and gradually begin to function

A

Fetal stage

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7
Q

22 to 26 weeks

A

Age of viability

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8
Q

Inside uterus; protects baby against injury

A

Amniotic sac

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9
Q

Drinking fluid; keeps temp at constant 100 degrees Fahrenheit

A

Amniotic fluid

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10
Q

Connected to baby via umbilical chord; provides oxygen and nourishment

A

Placenta

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11
Q

Prime age span for childbirth

A

20 to 28

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12
Q

Higher chance for this type of problem in older men’s children

A

Gene problems

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13
Q

Most important from last 3 months of pregnancy to 2 years

A

Nutrition

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14
Q

Causes babies to be born with some degree of mental retardation and distorted face and body features

A

Alcohol (FAS)

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15
Q

Causes lighter weight babies with respiratory problems

A

Nicotine

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16
Q

Causes babies to often be born addicted

A

Street drugs

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17
Q

Causes possibility of hemorrhage during birth - dangerous for children and mother

A

Aspirin

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18
Q

Vision capacities of newborns

A

Near-sighted - can see less than 8 inches in front of their face

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19
Q

First color seen by newborns

A

Red

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20
Q

Hearing capacities of newborns

A

Very well-developed

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21
Q

Effects of high / low pitch sounds

A

High - keep awake

Low - put to sleep

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22
Q

Taste capacities of newborns

A

More developed at birth than at any other time in life

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23
Q

Smell capacities of newborns

A

Very acute - can tell difference between mother’s breast milk and other types

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24
Q

Increases newborns’ risk for birth complications and deficits

A

Maternal malnutrition

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25
Q

Can interfere with prenatal development

A

Maternal illness

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26
Q

STD’s that can be passed to newborns

A

Genital herpes and AIDS

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27
Q

Nature

A

Heredity

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28
Q

Nurture

A

Environment

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29
Q

Nature determines potential, nurture determines expression

A

Interactionist position

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30
Q

Heat to foot trend

A

Cephalocaudal trend

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31
Q

Center - outwards trend

A

Proximodistal trend

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32
Q

Follows cephalocaudal and proximodistal trends

A

Motor development

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33
Q

Attributes to early progress in motor skills

A

Maturation

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34
Q

Research suggests this is also important to early motor skill progression

A

Infant’s exploration

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35
Q

Cross-cultural research shows both these traits are influential in developing motor skills

A

Maturation and environment

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36
Q

1 group of subjects is observed repeatedly over time

A

Longitudinal research

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37
Q

Group of subjects of varied ages are observed at a single point in time

A

Cross-sectional research

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38
Q

Refers to close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and caregivers

A

Attachment

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39
Q

Animals that Harlow studied

40
Q

Research by Harlow shows what is not key to attachment

A

Reinforcement

41
Q

Bowlby argued attachment has what two bases

A

Biological and evolutionary

42
Q

Infant-mother attachment falls into 4 catagories

A

Normal
Anxious
Avoidant
Disorganized

43
Q

Traits of infants with relatively secure attachments

A

Resilient, competent, high self-esteem

44
Q

Characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity

A

Temperament

45
Q

Thomas and Chess found in a longitudinal study that temperament remains

46
Q

Kagan’s research suggests inhibited and uninhibited temperament are stable over time and have what kind of basis

47
Q

Children progress through thinking through complementary processes of assimilation (borg) and accomodation

48
Q

Birth - 2 years

A

Sensorimotor (stage 1)

49
Q

Infants know the world mostly in terms of sensory impressions and motor activities

A

Sensorimotor (stage 1)

50
Q

2 - 7 years

A

Preoperational (stage 2)

51
Q

Language first develops; children do not comprehend mental operations of concrete logic

A

Preoperational (stage 2)

52
Q

Cannot see things from another’s viepoint

A

Egocentrism

53
Q

Same amount of something exists regardless of form

A

Lack of conservation

54
Q

7 - 11 years

A

Concrete operational (stage 3)

55
Q

Children gain mental operations enabling them to think logically about concrete events

A

Concrete operational (stage 3)

56
Q

11 - adult years

A

Formal operational (stage 4)

57
Q

People thinking logically about abstract concepts

A

Formal operational (stage 4)

58
Q

Stages are not invariable - many have underestimated preoperational children - experience may be more important than age

A

Criticisms of Piaget

59
Q

Proposes that individuals progress through 3 levels of moral reasoning

A

Kohlerg’s theory of Moral Development

60
Q

Acts tend to have consequences

A

Preconventional reasoning (Kohlberg)

61
Q

Conform to social order

A

Conventional reasoning (Kohlberg)

62
Q

Personal code of ethos

A

Postconventional reasoning (Kohlberg)

63
Q

Proposes that individuals evolve through 8 stages over the life span

A

Erikson’s theory of personality development

64
Q

Birth - 1 year (Erikson)

A

Trust vs. Mistrust

65
Q

2 - 3 years - rules and self control (Erikson)

A

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

66
Q

4 - 5 years - responsibility vs. irresponsibility (Erikson)

A

Initiative vs. Guilt

67
Q

6 years - puberty - sucess vs. failure - largely due to school (Erikson)

A

Industry vs. Inferiority

68
Q

Adolescence - who am I? (Erikson)

A

Identity vs. Identity confusion

69
Q

Young adulthood - will only occur if stage 5 is successful (Erikson)

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation

70
Q

Done to assist younger generation (Erikson)

A

Generativity vs. Stagnation

71
Q

Late adulthood - did I live a good life?

A

Integrity vs. Despair

72
Q

2 year span preceding puberty during which secondary sex characteristics begin to devlop

A

Pubescence

73
Q

Stage during which primary sex characteristics develop fully

74
Q

Age groups that have an increased risk for psychological and social difficulties

A

Girls who reach puberty early and boys who mature late

75
Q

Appears to be last area of brain to fully mature - not complete until late adolescence or early adulthood

A

Prefrontal cortex

76
Q

Attempted suicides increase during this age period - but have low success rates

A

Adolescents

77
Q

Time of turmoil

A

Adolescence

78
Q

Adolescents deal with identity crisis in 4 ways

A

James Marcia

79
Q

Remains fairly stable throughout life - some experience signficant changes

A

Personality

80
Q

Little research supporting this type of crisis

A

Mid-life crisis

81
Q

More likely to be difficult when spouses have different expectations about their roles

A

Marital adjustment

82
Q

Transition where children begin to grow up and leave the home

A

Empty Nest

83
Q

Represents a major transition and disruption of routine

A

First child in marriage

84
Q

Fairly stable through adulthood with slight decrease at age 60

A

General intelligence

85
Q

Moderate - associated with aging

A

Memory loss

86
Q

Premature commitment - adolescence

A

Foreclosure

87
Q

Delay in commitment - adolescence

A

Moritoreum

88
Q

Lack of direction - adolescence

A

Identity diffusion

89
Q

Sense of self direction - adolescence

A

Identity achievement

90
Q

Speed in this area of processing tends to decrease during middle adulthood

A

Cognitive processing

91
Q

These areas of sensory domain tend to decrease

A

Vision and hearing

92
Q

Women’s reaction to this stage of maturity vary and may not be as stressful as feared

93
Q

Decreases after age 60 but doesn’t appear to related to dementia

A

Brain tissue and weight

94
Q

% of people over age 75 with dementia

95
Q

Exhibit profound loss of brain tissue

A

Alzheimer’s patients

96
Q

Plaque on the brain and plaque between neurons

A

Alzheimer’s

AP Psych 1 (34 decks)

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