Ch. 5 Review Flashcards
A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulus
Classical conditioning
Man behind Classical Conditioning
Pavlov
Conditioned dogs to salivate when a bell was presented
Pavlov
Mainly regulates involuntary and reflexive responses
Classical conditioning
Emotional responses
Phobias (classically conditioned)
Physiological response
Bodily response
Responses controlled through CC are said to be
Illicited
Any event in the environment that automatically causes a response
UCS
Naturally recurring response - unlearned
UCR
Anything that does not automatically cause a response UCR
Neutral Stimulus
Previously NS causes a response
CS
Learned response to previously neutral CS
CR
When a CS and UCR are paired = CR
Acquisition
When a CS is repeatedly presented alone until no longer elicits CR
Extinction
The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the CS
Spontaneous recovery
When a CR is elicited by a new stimulus that resembles the original CS
Generalization
When a CR is NOT elicited by a new stimulus that resembles the original CS
Discrimination
When a CS functions as if a UCS
Higher-order conditioning
A type of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences
Operant Conditioning
Man behind Operant conditioning
Skinner (and Thorndike)
Showed that rates and pigeons tend to repeat responses that are followed by favorable outcomes
Skinner
Responses controlled through OC said to be
Elicit
Demonstrations of OC typically occur in a
Skinner box (operant chamber)
Animal’s response rate, as monitored by a cumulative recorder - results portrayed in graphs (steeper slope = faster response)
Key DV (dependent variable)
When a response gradually increases due to contingent reinforcement
Acquisition
The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations to desired response
Shaping
When responding gradually stops and slows after reinforcement is terminated
Extinction
When organism continues to make response after reinforcement has been terminated
Resistance to extinction
When responding increases int eh presence of a stimulus resembles the original discriminative stimulus
Generalization
When responding does not increase in presence of a stimulus that resembles the original discriminative stimulus
Discrimination
Inherently reinforcing
Primary reinforcer
Develop through learning
Secondary reinforcer
Behavior therapy used to reduce anxiety responses through counter-conditioning
Systematic desensitization
Stay relaxed
Relaxation training
Constructing a list of things from least to most fearful
Fear hierarchy
Work through the list of fears
Move through heirarchy
Rapid/intense exposure to fear response without the possibility of escape
Flooding
Reconditioning to change response - based on CC
Counterconditioning
Origins in basic research
Skinner/Thordike
Increase rate of appropriate responses
Operant conditioning
Establish positive responses
Operant conditioning
Decrease rates of inappropriate responses
Operant conditioning
Addition of pleasurable consequence
Positive reinforcement
Reinforcement of response by removal of a negative stimulus
Negative reinforcement
Sex, food, and touch
Primary reinforcers
Money, toys, chocolate
Secondary reinforcers
Basic(ish) reinforcers
Generalized reinforcers
Recognition, prizes, applause
Social reinforcers
Affect senses
Sensory reinforcers
People will do a less desirable thing for a more desirable reward
Premack principle
Every time - faster
Continuous schedule of reinforcement
Every other time - slower
Partial or intermittent reinforcement
Buy one get one free - consistent amount
Fixed ratio
Bonus every two weeks - depends on time
Fixed interval
Schedule that changes - bonus every 3 cars, then 2 cars
Slot machine
Most addictive
Variable ratio
Behaving differently in the presence of 1 stimulus vs another
Stimulus control
Constantly changing the amount - fishing
Variable interval
Circumstance or action that precedes reinforcement - ability to differentiate between stimuli
Discriminative stimuli
Delivery of punisher is close in time with an independent variable - walking under ladders
Superstitious behavior
Reinforcement is closer to a desired response - refining behavior behavior - dishes
Shaping
Reinforce appropriate responses
Positive reinforcement
Completely ignore undesirable stimuli
Extinction
Response -> punishment
Timeout
Time out
Responses cost
Opposite of operant conditioning - weaken response
Punishment
Anxiety - Anger - Hostility - Aggressive behavior
Side effects of frequent use of punishment
Consistent - delivered swiftly - severe
Necessary for punishment to be effective
Watch/learn
High status models
Observing peers
Similar models
Affects performance - not learning - paid participation -
Rewarded models
View that clinical depression can result in breaking someone - point that they no longer wish to fight back
Learned helplessness
The act of people knowing exactly where to place a key and what to do with that key
Observation
If an observer sees the modeled response lead to a _____ outcome, the observer’s tendency to emit the modeled response will be ____
Favorable; strengthened
Bandura’s four key processes that are crucial in observational learning
Attention - reproduction - retention - observation
Most people can not execute a breath-taking windmill dunk after John Halicek perform such a feat. This is an example of
Reproduction
Carol has an important project due, but the project is on audio tape. Carol must listen to the tape, present the material to the class, and remember everything in a certain amount of time. She will use the method of
Retention
John watched his mother steal a car and be arrested for the crime. Two weeks later, John steals money from a store. This is an example of
Attention
Parents may insist on hitting their children because of their children’s aggressive behavior. In this scenario, the parents are acting as
Models
The types of learning
Classical conditioning, observational learning, operant conditioning
An English titmouse learning to break into milk bottles by observing the thievery of other titmice is an example of which type of learning?
Observational learning
Children acquire a diverse array of responses from
Role models
The principles of learning and conditioning have been applied to
Education, business, and industry
Research on conditioning generally has demonstrated the importance of _____, but findings regarding the biological constraints on conditioning have shown that _____ is also very important
Nurture, nature
The biological preparedness explanation for conditioned taste aversions illustrates which of your text’s unifying themes?
Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior
In today’s business world, management often emphasizes positive reinforcement more than in the past. This illustrates
Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
Model of operationing conditioning shows how reinforcement and punishment can mold everything from a child’s bedtime whimpering to an adult’s restaurant preferences
Skinner
Jointly influence behavior
Environment; heredity
This model shows how experiences can account for everyday fears and other emotional responses
Classical conditioning model
“Most human behavior is learned by observation through modeling”
Bandura
The principles of observational learning have also been used to explain why physical punishment does what to aggressive behavior
Increases
