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AP Psych 1 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to another

A

Social psychology

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2
Q

A belief and feeling that persists one to respond in a particular way to people, objects, or events

A

Attitudes

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3
Q

Inferences people draw about causes of events, others’ behavior, and their own behavior

A

Attributions

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4
Q

Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group’s standards

A

Conformity

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5
Q

Persuation

A

Advertising

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6
Q

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

A

Aggression

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7
Q

Physical attraction, romantic ideas, attachment, culture

A

Relationships

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8
Q

Judgments of others can be distorted by their physical appearance, as we tend to ascribe desirable characteristics and confidence to those who are good looking

A

Halo effect

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9
Q

Broad over-generalizations that can lead us to see what we expect to see and overestimate how often we have seen that

A

Stereotypes

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10
Q

People tend to overestimate degree to which others pay attention to them

A

Spotlight effect

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11
Q

Argue that many biases in person perception, such as tendency to quickly categorize people into ingroups and outgroups, exist because they were adaptive in humans’ ancestral past

A

Evolutionary psychologists

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12
Q

Ascribe causes of behavior to personal traits

A

Internal attributions

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13
Q

Ascribe causes of behavior to situational demand and environmental factors

A

External attributions

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14
Q

Actors favor external attributions in explaining their own behavior, though observers favor internal attributions

A

Actor-observer bias

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15
Q

Refers to observer’ bias in favor of internal attributions in overt behavior

A

Fundamental attribution error (FAE)

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16
Q

Tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar manner

A

Defensive attributions

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17
Q

Tendency to explain one’s successes’ with internal attributions and one’s failures with external attributions

A

Self-serving bias

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18
Q

Putting personal goals ahead of group goals

A

Individualism

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19
Q

Putting group goals head of personal goals

A

Collectivism

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20
Q

Tend to be less prone to FAE and SSB than people from collectivist cultures

A

Individualistic cultures

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21
Q

Key determinant of romantic attraction for both sexes

A

Biological attractiveness

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22
Q

Males and females of roughly equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners

A

Matching hypothesis

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23
Q

Tend to be similar on many traits

A

Married / dating couples

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24
Q

Shows that liking breeds liking and loving promotes loving

A

Reciprocity

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25
Q

Transcends culture

A

Traits people seek in prospective mates

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26
Q

Varies in ephasis as prerequisite for marriage

A

Romantic love

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27
Q

Influence attraction indicators of reproductive fitness

A

Good looks

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28
Q

Men emphasize

A

Youthfulness and attractiveness

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29
Q

Women emphasize

A

Financial prospects

30
Q

Influence tactics that men and women use in pursuing romantic relationships

A

Gender gaps

31
Q

Tend to under-estimate men’s relationship commitments

A

Women

32
Q

Tend to over-estimate women’s sexual interest

A

Men

33
Q

3 catagories of love attachmetn

A

Secure
Anxious-ambivalent
Avoidant

34
Q

Tend to have more satisfying romantic relationships

A

Secure individuals

35
Q

Made up of belief people hold about the object of an attitude

A

Cognitive component

36
Q

Emotional feeling stimulated by an object of thought

A

Affective component

37
Q

Predisposition to act in certain ways toward attitudinal object

A

Behavioral component

38
Q

How firmly attitudes are held

A

Attitude strength

39
Q

How often and how quickly an attitude comes to mind

A

Attitude accessibility

40
Q

How conflicted one feels about an attitude

A

Attitude ambivalence

41
Q

Poor to mediocre predictors of people’s behavior

A

Attitudes

42
Q

More successful when a source has credibility, which may depend on expertise or trustworthiness

A

Persuasion

43
Q

Tends to increase success in persuasion

A

Likeability

44
Q

Only gives viewpoint advertised

A

One-sided arguments

45
Q

More effective than one-sided

A

Two-sided arguments

46
Q

Tend to work if they are actually successful in arousing fear

A

Fear appeals

47
Q

More difficult when receiver is forewarned about persuasive effort

A

Persuasion

48
Q

Greater when a message is incompatible with receiver’s existing attitudes and when strong attitudes are targeted

A

Resistance

49
Q

Affective component of an attitude can be shaped by classical conditioning

A

Learning theory

50
Q

Strengthened by reinforcement or acquired through observational learning

A

Attitudes

51
Q

Inconsistency between attitudes motivates attitude change

A

Festinger

52
Q

Explains attitude change after counter-attitudinal behavior or when people need to justify their great effort to attain something

A

Dissonance theory

53
Q

Attitudes don’t determine behavior as much as people infer their attitudes from behavior

A

Daryl Bem

54
Q

Depends on logic of one’s message

A

Central route to persuasion

55
Q

Depends on non-message factors, such as emotions

A

Peripheral route to persuasion

56
Q

Produces a more durable attitude changw

A

CPR

57
Q

People are less likely to provide help when they are in groups than when alone because of diffusion of responsibility

A

Bystander effect

58
Q

Often declines in groups because of loss of coordination and social loafing - reduced effort seen when people work in groups

A

Productivity

59
Q

When discussion leads a group to shift toward a more extreme decision in direction already leaning

A

Group polarization

60
Q

Cohesive group suspends critical thinking in a misguided effort to promote agreement

A

Groupthink

61
Q

Often fail to share information unique to them

A

Individuals in groups

62
Q

Showed people have a surprisingly strong tendency to conform

A

Solomon Asch

63
Q

Becomes more likely as group size increases up to a size of 4

A

Conformity

64
Q

Presence in a group greatly reduces conformity observed

A

Dissenter

65
Q

Higher levels of conformity observed in

A

Collective societies

66
Q

Factors affecting conformity

A 
Status within group
Public vs private
Type of task
Cohesiveness of group
Gender
67
Q

Shock range in Asch experiment

A

15 to 450

68
Q

Increments of voltage in Asch experiment

A

15

69
Q

Voltage at which psychiatrists, college students, middle class adults, all said taht they would stop shocking

A

135 volts

70
Q

Percentage of men that continued shocking to 450

A

63%

71
Q

Percentage of particepents that continued shocking when informed of subjects’ heart condition

A

65%

72
Q

Helped stimulate stricter ethical standards for research

A

Generalizability of Milgram’ findings

AP Psych 1 (34 decks)

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