CHAPTER 13 Vocab A-Z Flashcards
Medications that relieve tension, apprehension, and nervousness
Antianxiety drugs
Medications that gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of a depression
Antideppressant drugs
Medications used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms, including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions
Antipsychotics
A behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response
Aversion therapy
A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning
Behavior-modification
Application of the principles of learning to direct efforts to change clients’ maladaptive behaviors
Behavior therapies
A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
Behaviorism
Physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders
Biomedical therapies
An insight therapy that plays a emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients, who play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy
Client-centered therapy
Psychologists who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems
Clinical psychologists
An insight therapy that emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs
Cognitive therapy
A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
Conditioned response
A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned responses
Conditioned stimulus
A state that occurs when two or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression
Conflict
Psychologists who specialize in the treatment of everyday adjustment problems
Counseling psychologists
Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt
Defense mechanisms
Transferring the treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community-based facilities that emphasize outpatient care
Deinstitutionalization
A psychoanalytic technique in which the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client’s dreams
Dream analysis
In psychotherapy, drawing ideas from two or more systems of therapy instead of committing to just one system
Eclecticism
A biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
A psychoanalytic technique in which clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur with as little censorship as possible
Free association
A psychological disorder marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat
Generalized anxiety disorder
The simultaneous treatment of several clients in a group
Group therapy
The degree of disparity between one’s self-concept and one’s actual experience
Incongruence
Psychotherapy methods characterized by verbal interactions intended to enhance clients’ self-knowledge and thus promote healthful changes in personality and behavior
Insight therapies
In psychoanalysis, the therapist’s attempts to explain the inner significance of the client’s thoughts, feelings, memories, and behaviors
Interpretation
A chemical used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders
Lithium
Mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure
Major depressive disorder
A medical institution specializing in providing inpatient care for psychological disorders
Mental hospital
The fact that subjects’ expectations can lead them to experience some change even though they receive an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment
Placebo effects
Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
Psychiatrists
An insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses through techniques such as free association and transference
Psychoanalysis
The treatment of mental disorders with medication
Psychopharmacotheraphy
An approach to therapy that focuses on altering clients’ patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive emotions and behavior
Rational-emotive therapy
Effect that occurs when people who score extremely high or low on some trait are measured a second time and their new score falls closer to the mean
Regression toward the mean
A process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane
Reuptake
A collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior
Self-concept
the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response
Shaping
The branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced
Social psychology
A behavior therapy used to reduce clients’ anxiety responses through counterconditioning
Systematic desensitization
A neurological disorder marked by chronic tremors and involuntary spastic movements
Tardive dyskinesia
A behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes shaping, modeling, and behavioral rehearsal
Social skills training
In therapy, the phenomenon that occurs when clients start relating to their therapists in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives
Transference
An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
Unconditioned response
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus
Recovery from a disorder without formal treatment
Spontaneous remission
