UCSP- 1st Quarter Flashcards
Banks, William E. (2020), is the study of humans, their close relatives, & their cultural environment. This includes matters about human ancestry, & history of the world. It is about how various people can be, and it tries to go through in what sense that all human shave similarities. It is the study of human race including our pre-historic origin & contemporary human diversity
Anthropology
Strauss (1983), explained that this tries to grasp its object through its most diverse manifestations.
Anthropology
Czarina Saloma, et. al., elaborated that this came from the Greek word Anthropos which means “Human” & logos means “reason” it means ‘reason about humans’ or ‘knowledge about human’. It is a comparative study of cultural & social life.
Anthropology
Anthropos means ?
Logos means ?
Human
Reason
Steven Loyal (2003), define it as the study of human social life, groups & society. It seeks to give a deeper assessment of individual & group behavior, including social events. It gathers social inputs, which composed of frequent forms & manners such as viewpoints, consolidated values, & norms of social institution, which form part of social array.
Sociology
According to the Department of Social Science & Philosophy, It is a classical discipline that deals with the study of political phenomena. Its goal is to deepen human understanding of the forms & nature of political action & to develop theoretical tools for interpreting politically meaningful phenomena. It focuses on fundamental values of equality, freedom, & justice & its process linked with the dynamics & conflict, resolution & cooperation
Political Science
deals with humans and culture
Anthropology
deals with society
Sociology
deals with politics
Political Science
refers to a group of people sharing a common culture with defined territorial boundaries. Likewise, every human society is organized in such a way that there are rules of conduct, costumes, traditions, folkways, and mores, and expectations that ensure appropriate behaviors among members
Society
a composite or multifarious area that comprise of belief, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society
Culture
Therefore, culture is:
- A product of human interaction
- A social heritage that is complex and socially transmitted
- Provides socially acceptable patterns for meeting biological and social needs
- A distinguishing factor
- Cumulative
- Meaningful to human being
Aspects of Culture:
- Dynamic, flexible, adaptive
- Shared and contested
- Learned through socialization or enculturation
- Patterned social interactions
- Integrated and at times unstable
- Transmitted through socialization
- Requires language and other forms of communication
something that presses us out of our comfort zone. It is destiny-filtered, heart-grown, and faith-built. It is inequitable, not a respecter of persons.
This is for the better or for the worse, depending on where you view it. It has an adjustment period, which varies on the individual. It is uncomfortable, for changing from one state to the next upsets our control over outcomes. It has a ripping effect on those who won’t let go.
Change
refers to an alteration in the social order of a society. This may include changes in nature, social institutions, social behaviors, or social relations. An example of this is the change from the traditional way of life to a more complex, technologically advanced, and rapidly changing style of life in the region and in the country in general.
These changes are because of industrialization, urbanization, and technology brought by the different countries in the world.
Social Change
deals with the evolution of cultural components. This is the modification of a society through innovation, invention, discovery, or contact with other societies. In Region 2 (Cagayan Valley), these are very evident because of innovation, inventions, and discoveries. An example of this is the use of reaper by the farmers during harvest time.
Cultural Change
“The range of variations between culture is almost endless and yet at the same time cultures ensemble one another in many important ways.” - according to who?
Dean Champion and his Associates
Somehow, it is affected by man’s geographical setup and social experience. It refers to the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world.
Cultural variation
you use your own culture as the center and evaluate other cultures based on it.
Ethnocentrism
It refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal. Instead, we should try to understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context. Its goal is to promote understanding of cultural practices that are not typically part of one’s own culture.
Cultural Relativism
These are the basis of culture. Everything one does throughout their life is based and organized through cultural symbolism. Some good examples of this would be objects, figures, sounds, and colors. It could also be facial expressions, gestures, or word interpretations.
Symbols
According to ______ _______ ____ (1863-1931), An American
sociologist and the father of
sociological tradition called ________ ______________, our concept of the
self is acquired through the use of
symbolic gestures.
George Herbert Mead
Symbolic Interactionism
The earliest form of communication between animals is called
________. These are distinctive behaviors displayed by animals
in order to respond to another gesture or send signal to another
animal. When a dog wags its tail to another dog, the wagging of
tail is a form of gesture. Infants displays this kind of behavior
toward their mothers or primary caregivers. When infants,
however learn how to utter words and associate them with the
certain responses, symbolic gestures become a form of language.
Gestures
This is symbolism that is
used to represent a political standpoint.
This can be any object,
person, word, performance, or gesture
that represents a political institution,
hierarchy, movement, belief, or
ideology. Flags, kings, and queens can
thus serve as this, as can
songs, poems, and national heroes.
Political symbolism
At the most basic level, this
attempts to explain our practices
on how and why we make the
purchasing choices we do.
Economics
4 Key Economic Concepts:
Scarcity
Supply and Demand
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Economic Incentives
explains the basic
economic problem that the world
has limited–or scarce–resources to
meet seemingly unlimited wants.
This reality forces people to make
decisions about how to allocate
resources in the most efficient way
possible so that as many needs as
possible are met.
Scarcity
refers to the amount
of goods that are available.
refers to how many
people want those goods.
It should
reach an equilibrium.
Supply
Demand
Supply and Demand
Also known as a benefit cost analysis
is a process by which organizations
can analyze decisions, systems or
projects, or determine a value for
intangibles. The model is built by
identifying the benefits of an action
as well as the associated costs, and
subtracting the costs from benefits.
Cost-Benefit Analysis
are what
motivates a person to behave
in a certain way, while
preferences are your needs,
wants and desires. It provide you the
motivation to pursue your
preferences.
Economic Incentives
is a lifelong process where individuals develop a self-concept
and prepare for roles, which in turn shape personality. It is the lifelong
process by which people learn the ways of the society in which they live.
Socialization
More specifically, it is the process by which
humans:
- acquire a sense of self or a social identity,
- develop their human capacities,
- learn the culture(s) of the society in which they
live, and - learn expectations for behavior.
It is a learning process that begins
shortly after birth.
Socialization
They are born without any culture. They
must be transformed by their parents, teachers, and others
into cultural and socially adept animals.
Human infants
Moreover, it is considered as the period of the most
intense and the most crucial socialization. It is then that
we acquire language and learn the fundamentals of our
culture. It is also when much of our personality takes shape.
However, we continue to be socialized throughout our
lives. We also have experiences that teach us lessons and
potentially lead us to alter our expectations, beliefs, and
personality.
Early Childhood
Is not a one-way process such
that people simply absorb
these lessons. It is also a
process by which people
negotiate, resist, ignore, and
even challenge those lessons.
Socialization
Agents of Socialization:
- The Family
- The Peer Group
- The Church
- The School
- Mass Media
- The Workplace
Is the basic unit of society, the
primary social institutions or
social group where one is born.
It serves as the main link
between the child and society
and is the first, the closest and
most influential social group in
the child’s life.
The Family
Is the informal grouping of two
or more members, more or less
of the same age, the
neighborhood, or school is called
peer group, friends, clique, gang,
or barkada. This is the only
agency of socialization not
controlled primarily by adults.
The Peer Group
Provides spiritual guidance, norms
of conduct, and rules of behavior.
It helps the government to become
honest, fair and democratic. The
basic principles and tenets of the
Christian religion centering God
and His love for people are taught
to the children.
The Church
Is a formal agency
for weaning children
from home and
introducing them to
society.
The School
Informs, educates, and
entertains. It affects
the audience’s
behavior and attitudes,
positively or
negatively.
Mass Media
Is where the individual gets socialized
to its norms and values and finds his
or her place in its hierarchy of
statuses. The person also joins
professional associations, unions, or
other groups. Should they find the
workplace dull and unfair or
unrewarding, the employee can always
look for another job.
The Workplace
Is the process by which children become participating and functioning
members of society and fit into an organized way of life as mere adults.
Socialization
Through this, the culture of the group is transmitted, the
individual develops into a socially functioning person, and the members of the
group are encouraged to conform to the norms of the group.
Socialization
It is realized when children become productive adult members. However, it is not simply molding an individual according to a standard social
pattern, as he or she is afforded some leeway in his or her action.
Socialization
Refers to the people who have the
chance to interact with others and think
of themselves as belonging together. This exists as long as individuals are
interested to be connected among
themselves. Each society is made up of
smaller groups and associations that are
built on social class, personal interest, or
community goals.
Group
These are prevalent in our social lives and provide a
significant way to understand and define ourselves—both
through groups we feel a connection to and those we do
not. This also play an important role in society. As
enduring social units, they help foster shared value
systems and are key to the structure of society as we know
it.
Groups
There are four primary sociological perspectives for
studying groups:
- Functionalist
- Critical
- Feminist
- Symbolic Interactionist
this typically a small social group whose members share close personal
and enduring relationships. This also includes intimate relationships that are usually long
lasting. Ex: Family, Childhood friends
Primary Group
This has the opposite characteristics of a primary group. It can be small
or large and they are mostly impersonal and usually short term. These groups are typically
found at work and school. Ex: School mates, coworkers
Secondary Group
This is a group which we compare ourselves such us those college
freshmen serves as a standard against which behaviors and attitude are measured. It is use to
guide our behavior and attitudes to identify social norms. Ex: Parents, siblings, teachers
Reference Group
(division of
labor) is a major influence on
social behavior and is the link
between human nature reacting to
environmental conditions (natural,
demographic, economic, cultural),
and overt social behaviour
patterns; and consciousness.
Social Organization
Function of Social Organization:
Manifest
Latent
are those that are
obvious and easily
discovered even by
strangers.
Manifest functions or Manifest
are
those that are less
apparent and more
difficult to uncover.
Latent functions or Latent
