Oral Com - 2nd Quarter Flashcards
is a plan of action or a technique that a communicator uses in order to help make the communication process successful.
Communication Strategy
Types of Communicative Strategies
Nomination
Restriction
Turn-taking
Topic control
Topic shifting
Repair
Termination
Speaker carries to establish a topic collaboratively. Basically, when you use this strategy, you try to introduce a topic with the people you are talking to.
Nomination
“Hey, how are you? I missed you!”
Nomination
It refers to any limitation you may give or create as a speaker. In some cases of communication, there are instructions that must be followed. Those instructions confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say.
Restriction
“Before we start our discussion, let me remind you again of our house rules.”
Restriction
What are the 2 factors to consider for Nomination & Restriction?
Social relationship
Environment
determine the specific role of the participants whether they can nominate or restrict other speakers from joining the conversation.
Social Relationship
Refer to those who are assigned to control the flow of the conversation.
Higher authorities
Refer to the participants who start as listeners and are then nominated to be speakers when called on by the higher authorities.
Lower authorities
Refers to the setting of the conversation. It also determines the roles of the speakers.
Environment
Tutorials, interviews
One-on-one communication
Panel discussion, forum, debates
Group communication
1) ___ Refers to the opportunity given to a speaker to talk, whereas 2) ___ is a process in which a participants stops speaking and yields the floor to another participant so he or she can speak.
Turn, Turn-Taking
What are the are three turn-taking acts?
Keep-turn
Release-turn
Take-turn
suggests that a speaker must not stop until he fulfills his purpose in a conversation.
Keep-turn
suggests that a speaker is finished talking and is ready to yield the floor to another person to take his or her turn. He or she may use signals or pauses in a conversation.
Release-turn
Signals & cues indicate that a speaker wants to keep, yield, or take his or her turn:
a. Intonation
b. Verbal cues
c. Nonverbal cues or gestures
may signal when a speaker intends to keep or yield his or her turn. Falling intonation indicates that a speaker is about to end his or her turn, while rising intonation implies that a speaker is about to reach the climax of his or her point, asking the participants for clarification & confirmation, or sometimes to express disbelief.
Intonation
___ ___ indicates that a speaker is about to end his or her turn, while ___ ___ implies that a speaker is about to reach the climax of his or her point, asking the participants for clarification & confirmation, or sometimes to express disbelief.
Falling intonation, rising intonation
may suggest that a speaker wants to yield or to keep his or her turn. For example, calling the participants; names indicate that a speaker is letting them take their turn. Meanwhile, using sentence connectors such as additionally, on the contrary, furthermore, consequently, or likewise suggests the speaker has something more to say.
Verbal cues
such as raising one’s hand, show that a participant wants to take the floor or speak. Also, when a speaker, points to or fixes his or her gaze on a participant, it may mean that he or she wants that participant to speak.
Nonverbal cues or gestures
Involves moving from one topic to another, where one part of a conversation ends and where the other begins.
Topic Shifting
“Anyway, have you heard the news last night?”
Topic Shifting
Two ways how to shift:
- Speaking topically
- Speaking on the topic
occurs when the listener concentrates on some phrases from the last statement mentioned by the speaker.
Speaking topically
occurs when the listener concentrates on a word, but the newly introduced idea may not be related to the context of the topic.
Speaking on the topic
Takes how the procedure of formality or informality affects the progress of topic in conversation.
Topic control
“Well, just go on.”
Topic control
Refers to how speaker address the problems in listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation.
Repair
“I’m sorry for what I’ve done, how can I make it up for you?”
Repair
Refers to the conversation participants’ close initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation.
Termination
“Well then, I think we’re good. See you!”
Termination
Common violation in conversation
• Grabbing the floor or interruption
• Overlapping
• Hogging
• Being silent or dead air
is similar with grabbing the floor. However, instead of a participant giving up his or her turn to another, both of them are talking at the same time.
Overlapping
also called interruption, is committed when a speaker is not able to fulfill his or her purpose because a participant takes over the role of being a speaker, without allowing him or her to finish his or her turn first.
Grabbing the floor
(Monopolizing, keeping) the floor occurs when a speaker ignores others who try to join or take over the discussion.
Hogging
or dead air, happens when no one wants to speak or take the floor.
Being silent
Here are some guidelines on how to repair or terminate:
• Recognizing the violation
• Shifting back to the main topic
• Asking leading questions
• Taking a break, shifting to a new topic, or rescheduling a conversation
Suggests that another participant can take the role of the speaker
Take-turn
The ____ is the subject matter that will be discussed in the speech.
Topic
When choosing a topic, you should
consider the following:
- Choose a topic based on your area(s) of expertise
- Consider the needs and interests of the audience
- Know the purpose of the event
It is imperative that you speak about a topic that you are knowledgeable or are an expert in. This way, you can establish credibility and be able to deliver the speech better
Choose a topic based on your area(s) of expertise
Choose a topic that is relevant to the event’s purpose.
Know the purpose of the event
The ____ is the target listeners,
audience
The audience is the target listeners, and in writing your speech, you should consider the following:
- Age
- Educational & Professional Backgrounds
- Ethnicity
Information can be obtained from various sources. These sources include the following:
Sources of Information
* Books
* Magazines
* Journals
* Newspapers
* Encyclopedias
* Web or Internet
* Interviews
They present comprehensive information about a particular topic or several topics regarding a broad subject.
Books
Published periodically, these contain up-to-date information and are usually about current events or topics of popular interest.
Magazines
These contain a collection of articles regarding a specific subject, profession, or discipline.
Journals
These contain daily (or weekly) information regarding local, national, or international events or issues.
Newspapers
These are a set of books arranged alphabetically and contain general information about numerous subjects or topics.
Encyclopedias
This provides access to various types of information available online such as videos, blog posts, documents, and databases.
Web or Internet
These pertain to meetings between two or more people that aim to obtain In-depth information about a certain topic.
Interviews
Characteristics of Good Information:
- Current
- Credible
- Objective
- Accurate
The information you use should be up to date. If you are going to cite statistics, for example, you should ensure that you obtain the latest figures available.
Current
Consider only the Information that comes from reliable sources. ____ sources are those that have undergone a review and evaluation process before they are published or those that are won by experts in their fields of study.
Credible
Make sure that the information you include is unbiased and offers a balanced view of all sides.
Objective
Good information is factual and verifiable. Make sure the information you use is detailed and exact and does not contain vague generalizations.
Accurate
Tips on Obtaining Information from Sources:
- Start with sources that you know are reputable
- Read the Information about the author or publisher
- Check whether the information is current
- Identify the purpose of the website
The ____ is the backbone or framework of a speech.
outline
Three parts of a basic speech outline:
- Introduction
- Body
- Conclusion
The ____ is the foundation of your speech.
Introduction
Usually composed of just one paragraph, this part begins the speech.
Introduction
Parts of the introduction:
- Hook
- Thesis statement
- Purpose
- Overview of the main points
This is a statement that is meant to grab the audience’s attention.
Hook
It intrigues and motivates the audience to keep on listening to speech.
Hook
Techniques that may be used to create the hook:
- Telling an anecdote
- Citing a quotation
- Asking rhetorical or thought-provoking questions
- Sharing some background information
- Giving a riddle or puzzle
This states the main idea of the speech.
Thesis statement
This states what the speech aims to achieve.
Purpose
Explains how the audience can benefit from listening to the speech.
Purpose
This gives the audience an idea of the main points that will be discussed.
Overview of the main points
The ____ of the speech develops, explains, & supports the thesis statement using details, evidence (e.g., testimony, statistices, & examples)
Body
Usually, the ____ is made up of three paragraphs, with each one having a topic sentence and several supporting sentences.
Body
Are used for linking one paragraph to the next.
Transition words
These ensure that ideas between paragraphs flow smoothly.
Transition words
To add an idea:
moreover, also, furthermore, in addition
To show similarity:
likewise, in the same way, similarly, in like manner
To contrast:
however, on the other hand, but, on the contrary
To illustrate:
for instance, notably, for example, specifically
To emphasize:
more importantly, indeed, in fact, above all
Reiterates the thesis statement and gives a summary of the main points that were discussed in the body of the speech.
Conclusion
It closes with a final, memorable statement such as a quote, advice, or call to action that helps the audience remember the speech.
Conclusion
Tips on Word Choice:
- Choose words that are appropriate for your audience.
- Use words that clearly convey your meaning.
- While writing, keep in mind that your speech is going to be spoken out loud.
- Avoid words that convey prejudice.
- Be consistent.
Tips on Grammatical Correctness:
- Use the present tense.
- Use the active voice.
- Avoid run-ons and fragments.
The creation of a speech does not stop if the original writing is done. After writing, you still need to ____ so that you can correct errors and improve your speech. This is important since ____ can transform a ____ speech into an ____ and ____ one.
edit
editing
dull
engaging
effective
____ ____, an award-winning speechwriter, wrote in his book The Lost Art of the Great Speech: How to Write One, How to Deliver It
Richard Dowis
The Lost Art of the Great Speech: How to Write One, How to Deliver It the six steps to follow when editing a speech. These steps are the following:
(6)
Let it rest.
Edit for content.
Edit for organization.
Edit for style.
Edit for language.
Edit for grammar.
If you have enough time, put your speech away first before editing it.
Let it rest.
Check the content of your speech to make sure that it is appropriate.
Edit for content
Make sure that the speech is coherent. The ideas should be connected and make the speech a unified piece rather than a mere compilation of information and ideas.
Edit for organization
When ____ ____ ____, keep in mind that short sentences are more straightforward and are also usually more dramatic. Check your speech, too, for words or word combinations that you might struggle with.
Editing for style
Consider whether the language approximates natural speech. Look out for the use of too many long words, long sentences, and jargon. Check to see if any of the words are misused. Most importantly, edit out words that may be offensive to the audience, such as profanity or obscenity.
Edit for language
Although a speech with perfect grammar is not necessarily an excellent speech, having too many grammar errors in the speech can damage the credibility of the information provided therein as well as the credibility of the speaker. Keep in mind, though, that in speeches, sounding natural is more important than strictly following the rules.
Edit for grammar
________ is the shaping of speech sounds (consonants and vowels) by the tongue, lips, palate, jaw, and teeth, which are called ________.
Articulation
articulators
Saying ____ ____ is a good way to practice your articulation.
tongue twisters
Voice ________, on the other hand, refers to varying the voice in terms of ____, ____, and ____, which makes a speech more pleasing to the ear and allows a speaker to convey the right emotions.
modulation
pitch
power
pace
Refers to the highness or lowness of a voice.
Pitch
Is the vocal energy or intensity exerted by a speaker.
Power
____ also called ____, is the speed of a speaker’s utterance.
Pace
rate
In public speaking, actions are as important as spoken words. The coordination of verbal and nonverbal messages is essential to successfully deliver the message of the speech.
Stage Presence
Reveal the speaker’s emotions and signal to the audience the interpretation of the given message.
Facial expressions
Are purposeful movements of the head, arms, hands, and other parts of the body.
Gestures
Or the act of moving from one spot to another during delivery, can signal a transition from one idea to the next.
Movements
Means establishing a relationship with the audience by engaging them and connecting with them.
Building Rapport
Some ways you can do to establish rapport with the audience:
- Maintain eye contact.
- Speak naturally.
- Relate with the audience.
Involves taking into account the various principles of speech delivery.
Delivering a Speech
