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11-JOEL > GenBio1 (4th QUARTER) > Flashcards

GenBio1 (4th QUARTER) Flashcards

1
Q

In cellular biology, this refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions & small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them.

A

membrane transport

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2
Q

________ (Cell Membrane) plays a vital role in the transport mechanisms & separates the living cell from its surroundings it needs: ____, ____, & ____.

A

Plasma membrane
lipids, proteins, & carbohydrates

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3
Q

Structural Components of Cell Membrane

A

• Cell Membrane Lipids
• Cholesterol
• Glycolipids

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4
Q

Cell Membrane Proteins

A

• Structural Proteins
• Membrane receptor Proteins
• Transport Proteins
• Glycoproteins

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5
Q

This can be defined as a biological membrane or an outer membrane of a cell, which is composed of two layers of phospholipids & embedded with proteins. It is a thin semi-permeable membrane layer, which surrounds the cytoplasm & to other constituents of the cell.

A

Plasma membrane

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cells can have multiple plasma membranes. In prokaryotic organisms, plasma membranes are responsible for
controlling the entry & exit of the cell.

A

Prokaryotic Plasma Membrane

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7
Q

____ is a phospholipid bilayer containing proteins & carbohydrate attached to the proteins & steroids. It is a fluid phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins &
glycoproteins.

A

Eukaryotic Plasma Membrane

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8
Q

Phospholipids create a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing the watery cytosol & extracellular fluids while hydrophobic tails
point away.

A

Cell Membrane Lipids

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9
Q

This semi-permeable structure allows selective molecule passage, making phospholipids amphipathic.

A

Cell Membrane Lipids

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10
Q

Present in animal cell membranes, disperses among phospholipids, preventing excessive packing & stiffness.

A

Cholesterol

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11
Q

Not found in plant cell membranes.

A

Cholesterol

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12
Q

Are located on cell membrane surfaces & have a carbohydrate sugar chain attached to them.

A

Glycolipids

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13
Q

They help the cell to recognize other cell of the body.

A

Glycolipids

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14
Q

provide cell support & shape

A

Structural Proteins

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15
Q

aid communication with the external environment via hormones & signaling molecules.

A

Membrane receptor proteins

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16
Q

facilitate molecules movement across membranes.

A

Transport proteins

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17
Q

with attached carbohydrate chains, assist in cell communication & molecule transport.

A

Glycoproteins

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18
Q

It is what produces the gametes,
sperm or eggs that fuse after they unite.

A

Meiosis

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19
Q

Gametes only have ____ the normal number of
____ or strands of DNA, that a
normal cell does. So, two of them must fuse
in order to form a new cell that will develop
into a new organism. In sexually reproducing
organisms, gametes are only produced by
____, not ____.

A

half
chromosomes
meiosis
mitosis

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20
Q

In multicellular organisms that have
reproductive organs that do meiosis to
produce gametes, the organs were built by
cells that underwent mitosis. Thus, in these
organisms meiosis is only possible because
mitosis made organs that nurture the cells to
undergo meiosis. In human females, this
organ is called the ____; in males, it is called
the ____.

A

ovary
testicles

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21
Q

The human reproductive system is controlled by the
____.

A

brain

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22
Q

The sperm are produced in the ____, and
the eggs are produced in the ovaries, but both of
these organs receive commands from the brain. They also talk back to the brain in a process called ____.

A

testicles
ovaries
feedback

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23
Q

Just as with the reproductive organs, the
brain was formed by ____ that underwent ____. In
fact, the cells that produce the hormones in each
organ were the result of mitosis, not meiosis.

A

cells
mitosis

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24
Q

male gamete cells

A

spermatogonia

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25
Q

female gamete cells

A

oogonia

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26
Q

DISORDERS AND
DISEASES THAT RESULT
FROM THE
MALFUNCTION OF THE
CELL DURING THE CELL
CYCLE (5)

A

Meiosis Chromosome Disorder
Mosaicism
Maternal Age
Environment
Down Syndrome

27
Q

____ IS HOW YOU
GROW, AND _____ IS
HOW YOU MAKE BABIES

A

MITOSIS, MEIOSIS

28
Q

______ refers to the
collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of
solutes such as ions and small molecules through
biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that
contain proteins embedded in them.

A

membrane transport

29
Q

plays a vital role in
the transport mechanisms and separates the living cell
from its surroundings. It needs : ____, _____, and ____

A

Plasma membrane (Cell Membrane) ,lipids, proteins, and
carbohydrates

30
Q

create a bilayer with hydrophilic heads
facing the watery cytosol and extracellular fluid, while
hydrophobic tails point away.

A

Phospholipids

31
Q

This semi-permeable
structure allows selective molecule passage, making
_____amphipathic.

A

phospholipids

32
Q

present in animal cell membranes,
disperses among phospholipids, preventing excessive
packing and stiffness.

A

Cholesterol,

33
Q

Not found in plant cell
membranes.

A

Cholesterol

34
Q

are located on cell membrane surfaces and
have a carbohydrate sugar chain attached to them.

A

Glycolipids

35
Q

They help the cell to recognize other cells of the body.

A

glycolipids

36
Q

Cell Membrane Proteins

A

Structural proteins** provide cell support and shape.
**Membrane receptor proteins aid communication with
the external environment via hormones and
signaling molecules.
Transport proteins** facilitate molecule movement
across membranes.
**Glycoproteins, with attached carbohydrate chains,
assist in cell communication and molecule transport.

37
Q

can be defined as a biological
membrane or an outer membrane of a cell, which is
composed of two layers of phospholipids and embedded
with proteins.

A

Plasma membrane

38
Q

It is a thin semi-permeable membrane
layer, which surrounds the cytoplasm and other
constituents of the cell.

A

plasma membrane

39
Q

can have multiple plasma membranes. In
prokaryotic organisms, plasma membranes are
responsible for controlling the entry and exit of the cell.

A

Prokaryotic cells

40
Q

is a phospholipid
bilayer containing proteins and carbohydrate attached to
the proteins and sterols.

A

The eukaryotic plasma membrane

41
Q

It is a fluid phospholipid bilayer
embedded with proteins and glycoprotein.

A

eukaryotic plasma membrane

42
Q

are vital for maintaining
the internal environment necessary for cellular
functions.

A

Transport mechanisms in cells

43
Q

These mechanisms allow the movement of
molecules across the cell membrane, facilitating the
exchange of nutrients, ions, and waste products with the
external environment.

A

Transport mechanisms

44
Q

There are two primary modes of
transport in cells:

A

passive transport and active
transport.

45
Q

is a naturally occurring phenomenon
and does not require the cell to exert any of its energy to
accomplish the movement.

A

Passive transport

46
Q

In passive transport,
substances move from an area of higher concentration
to an area of lower concentration. A physical space in
which there is a single substance concentration range
has a concentration gradient.

A

passive transport

47
Q

Types of passive transport

A

Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion

48
Q

is the tendency of molecules or
materials to move form areas of high
concentrations into areas the same
molecules are in a lower concentration. This
tendency is a result of the intrinsic thermal
energy (heat) found in all molecules at
temperatures above absolute zero.

A

Diffusion

49
Q

Some molecules, such as ions and large polar
molecules, cannot diffuse through the lipid
bilayer easily.

A

facilitated diffusion

50
Q

In _____, these
molecules move across the membrane with the
help of transport proteins, such as channels or
carriers. This process also occurs along the
concentration gradient and does not require
energy.

A

facilitated diffusion

51
Q

Here, the cell cells utilizes cellular energy in the form of
ATP to move a substance from a region of lower
concentration to a region of higher concentration, that
is, in the direction against its concentration gradient.
_____ is usually associated with
accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the
cell needs, such as amino acids, ions, and glucose.

A

Active transport

52
Q

types of active transport

A

bulk transport

53
Q

The movement of macromolecules such as
proteins or polysaccharides into or out of the cell
is called _____.

A

bulk transport

54
Q

There are two types of
bulk transport, and
both require the expenditure of energy (ATP).

A

exocytosis and endocytosis,

55
Q

is the process by which cells release
substances to the external environment by fusing
vesicles containing the substances with the cell
membrane.

A

Exocytosis

56
Q

is the process by which cells take in
substances by engulfing them in vesicles formed
from the cell membrane.

A

Endocytosis

57
Q

Three Types of Endocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
58
Q

also known as “cellular eating,” is
the process by which cells engulf large particles
or whole cells into vesicles called phagosomes.

A

Phagocytosis,

59
Q

This mechanism is primarily used by specialized
cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and
some types of white blood cells to engulf and
destroy pathogens, dead cells, and other debris.

A

Phagocytosis

60
Q

, also known as “cellular drinking” or “fluidphase endocytosis,
“ is the process by which cells ingest
fluids and dissolved solutes by forming small vesicles
called pinocytic vesicles.

A

Pinocytosis

61
Q

_____is a continuous process in many cells and
plays a role in nutrient uptake, regulation of cell
volume, and sampling of the extracellular environment

A

pinocytosis

62
Q

is a highly specific
process by which cells internalize specific molecules
from the extracellular fluid with the help of receptor
proteins located on the cell membrane.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

63
Q

is essential for the
regulation of signaling molecules, uptake of nutrients
such as cholesterol and iron, and clearance of various
substances from the extracellular environment.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

11-JOEL (32 decks)

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