ELS- 2nd Quarter Flashcards
Different Features of the Ocean Floor:
5 items
Continental margin
Abyssal plains and abyssal hills
Mid-ocean ridges
Deep-ocean trenches
Seamounts and volcanic islands
submerged outer edge of the continent where continental crust transitions into oceanic crust
Continental margin
it is an extremely flat, sediment-covered stretches of the ocean floor, interrupted by occasional volcanoes, mostly extinct, called seamounts
Abyssal plains and abyssal hills
a submarine mountain chain that winds for more than 65,000 km around the globe
Mid-ocean ridges
narrow, elongated depressions on the seafloor many of which are adjacent to arcs of island with active volcanoes; deepest features of the seafloor.
Deep-ocean Trenches
One of the causes of Seafloor Spreading is the
Continental drift theory
(4) Evidence that supports continental drift theory:
Fit of the continent
Matching of rock units across ocean basins
Distribution of fossils
Paleoclimate evidence (evidence of tropical climates and past glaciations)
In ____, he advance the theory of seafloor spreading. He proposed that seafloor spreading separates at mid-ocean ridges where new crust forms by upwelling magma. Newly formed oceanic crust moves laterally away from the ridge with the motion like that of a conveyor belt. Old oceanic crusts are dragged down at the trenches and re-incorporated back into the mantle. The process is driven by mantle convection currents rising at the ridges and descending at the trenches.
This idea is basically the same as that proposed by ______ ______ in ____
1960
Harry Hess
Arthur Holmes in 1920
Evidences That Lead to the Proposal of Seafloor Spreading
5 items
High heat flow along mid-ocean ridge axes
Distribution of seafloor topographic features
Sediment Thickness
Composition of oceanic crust
Distribution of submarine earthquakes
it led scientists to speculate that magma is rising into the crust just below the mid-ocean ridge axis
High heat flow along mid-ocean ridge axes
distribution of mid-ocean ridges and depth of the seafloor
Distribution of seafloor topographic features
fine layer of sediment covering much of the seafloor becomes progressively thicker away from mid-ocean ridge axis; seafloor sediment are not as thick as previously thought
Sediment thickness
consists primarily of basalt
Composition of oceanic crust
earthquakes do not occur randomly but define distinct belts (earthquake belts follow trenches, mid-ocean ridges, transform faults)
Distribution of submarine earthquakes
It is a scientific theory that explains how landforms are created from the movement of the Earth.
Plate Tectonics
The Earth’s crust is divided into _____ large plates and into several smaller plates.
Seven
Driven by ______ __________, the lithospheric plates ride over the soft, ductile asthenosphere.
Mantle Convection
Submerged volcanoes are called ____ while those that rise above the ocean surface are called ____ ____ . These features may be isolated or found in clusters or chains.
Seamounts
Volcanic Islands
Primarily, earthquakes & volcanoes occur in a pattern that runs between continents & oceans.
The Coast
Major ____ ____ are often formed inside continents or near their edge.
mountain ranges
(3) Different types of Tectonic Plate Boundaries:
- Convergent Plate Boundaries
- Divergent Plate Boundaries
- Transform Plate Boundaries
Occur when plates collide with each other. Volcanoes & earthquakes commonly occur along these boundaries.
Convergent Plate Boundaries
Occur when plates move away from another. When they move apart, water or magma fills the space & creates new land.
Divergent Plate Boundaries
Are also known as sliding boundaries. They occur when plates slide creating a break in the earth’s surface. This can create a cliff & often causes earthquakes along faults.
Transform Plate Boundaries
Why do we we need to take a look back on the past?
“I believe that the more you know about the past, the better you are prepared for the future.” -Theodore Roosevelt
(3) Principles that Govern the Earth
- Catastrophism
- Gradualism
- Uniformitarianism
Volcanoes, floods, & earthquakes are examples of catastrophic events that were once believed responsible for mass extinctions & the formation of all landforms.
Catastrophism
Canyons carved by rivers show gradual change.
Gradualism
Is the idea that changes on Earth occurred by small steps (baby steps) over long periods of time.
Gradualism
Rock strata demonstrate that geologic processes long periods of time to cause great change.
Uniformitarianism
(2) Principles of Uniform:
- The major assumption of Geology
- Events of the past occurred the same way that they are occurring today.
Used to determine whether an object or event is older or younger than other objects or events.
Relative Dating
Relative Dating - Tool:
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks left undisturbed will remain in horizontal layers.
Law of Original Horizontality
When rocks are stacked in layers, the oldest rocks will be on the bottom & the newest rocks will be on top.
Law of Superposition
Geologic features, such as faults, & igneous intrusions are younger than the rocks they cut through.
Principle of Cross-cutting Relations
Used to measure the absolute use of an object or event by analyzing isotopes of radioactive elements.
Absolute Dating
Absolute Dating - Tool:
Radioactive
Unstable isotopes that break down stable isotopes &/or elements.
Radioactive Decay
Time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to undergo radioactive decay.
Half-life
Indicates the life form present in different periods.
Geological Time Scale
System used by scientists to relate stratigraphy & time to any geologic event.
Geological Time Scale
Is roughly 4.1 billion years ago were 88% of the Earth’s history happened.
Precambrian
The perceived harshness of the primordial Earth happened during ____.
Hadean
Bombardment of meteorites and severe volcanic activities.
Hadean
Chaotic eon
Hadean
During this era, ocean and atmosphere were formed. The crust and core was also stabilized.
Hadean
____ was when the Earth became warm but the atmopshere contain only methane with litlte to no oxygen (orange atmosphere).
Archean
Most of Earth was still covered with water. Oceans were green due to abundance of iron and stromatolites.
Archean
Was when the atmosphere began to have oxygen, eukaryotes diversified, multicellular animals spread and continents began to drift away.
Proterozoic era
was when fossils of marine invertebrates (trilobites and brachiopods) were formed in sedimentary layers.
Paleozoic era
Marine life forms developed shells.
Middle Paleozoic era
Animals began to breathe air as amphibians came out of the sea and land plants developed.
Devonian period
Reptiles appear were they lay eggs on the ground.
Late Paleozoic era
Marks the break up of major land masses.
Mesozoic era
Largest creatures were believed to appear in this era which are descendants of reptiles in the Paleozoic era (dinosaurs).
Mesozoic era
Mountains were uplifted and new life forms started to appear. Volcanic activities are wide spread, warm-blooded animals like marsupials and mammals roamed on land.
Cenozoic era
Human left marks on land and stone tools were observed.
Cenozoic era
Are naturally occurring events that directly or indirectly impact the geology of the Earth. Examples of ________ ________ include events such as plate tectonics, weathering, eruptions, earthquakes, volcanic mountain formation, deposition, erosion, droughts, flooding, and landslides.
Geological Processes
Affect every human on the Earth all of the time, but are most noticeable when they cause loss of life or property. These threatening processes are called ______ ______.
Geological Processes:
Natural Disasters
An extreme natural event in the crust of the earth that poses a threat to life & property.
Geological Hazard
These hazards can cause immense damage, loss of property, & sometimes life.
Geological Hazard
Is a shaking of a ground caused by sudden slippage of rock masses below or at the surface of the earth.
Earthquake
It is a wave-like movement of the earth’s surface.
Earthquake
Hazards caused by an earthquake:
- Ground Shaking
- Surface Faulting
- Landslide
- Liquefaction
- Tsunamis
Are giant sea waves generated by under-the-sea earthquakes & volcanic eruptions. Not all submarine earthquakes, however, can cause the occurrence of ________.
Tsunami
Occurs when magma is released from a volcano. _____ _____ are major natural hazards on Earth. _______ _______ can have a devastating effect on people & environment.
Volcanic Eruptions
Hazards caused by Volcanic Eruption: (5)
- Tephra
- Pyroclastic Flow
- Lahar
- Flood Lava Domes
- Poisonous Gases
A large Pacific Ocean region where many of Earth’s volcanic eruptions & earthquakes occur.
Ring of Fire
Top 10 Provinces at Risk of Earthquakes:
- Surigao Del Sur
- La Union
- Benguet
- Pangasinan
- Pampanga
- Tarlac
- Ifugao
- Davao Oriental
- Nueva Vizcaya
- Nueva Ecija
Top 10 Provinces at Risk of Volcanic Eruptions:
- Camiguin
- Sulu
- Biliran
- Albay
- Bataan
- Sorsogon
- South Cotabato
- Laguna
- Camarines Sur
- Batanes
Top 10 Most Landslide Prone Provinces in the Philippines:
- Marinduque
- Rizal
- Cebu
- La Union
- Southern Leyte
- Benguet
- Nueva Vizcaya
- Batangas
- Mountain Pronvinces
- Romblon
Is an occurrence in which soil, rocks & vegetal debris are transported suddenly or slowly down a slope due to insufficient stability. It may happen when there is continuous rainfall, earthquakes &/or volcanic eruption accompanied by a very loud noise.
Landslide
Human Activities that trigger landslides:
- Overloading slopes
- Mining which uses explosives underground
- Excavation or displacement of rocks
- Land use such as modification of slopes by construction of roads, railways, buildings, houses, etc.
- Quarrying which includes excavation or pit, open to the air, from which building stone, slate, or the like is obtained by cutting, blasting, etc.
- Land pollution which is the degration of earth’s land surface, exploitation of minerals & improper use of soil by in adequate agricultural practices.
- Excavation which pertains to exposure, processsing, & recording of archaeological remains.
- Cutting trees that can lead to deforestation & may encourage landslide.
Precautionary measures to observe & follow in preparing for landslides:
- Stay alert & awake. Many debris-flow fatalities occur when people are sleeping.
- If you are in areas susceptible to landslides & debris flows, consider leaving if it is safe to do so.
- Listen for any unusual sounds that might indicate moving debris, such as trees cracking or boulders knocking together.
- If you are near a stream or channel, be alert for any sudden increase or decrease in water flow & for a change from clear to muddy water.
- Be especially alert when driving. Bridges may be washed out & culverts overtops.
- Be aware that strong shaking from earthquakes can induce or intensify the effects of landslides.
Are processes of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, & economic disruption or environmental degradation.
Hydrometeorological Hazards
It is a rapid, rotating, & organized system of clouds & thunderstorms.
Tropical Cyclone
It can bring strong winds, torrential rains, high waves, & destructive storm surges.
Tropical Cyclone
A violently rotating column of air touching the ground, usually attached to the base of a thunderstorm.
Tornado
An overflow of water onto normally dry land. The inundation of a normally dry areas caused by rising water in an existing waterway, such as a river, stream, or drainage ditch.
Floods
A prolonged dry period in a natural climate cycle that can occur anywhere in the world. This dry season can cause some serious wildfire.
Drought
Are uncontrolled fires that burn forests, grasslands, or bushlands.
Forest or Wildland Fires
It commonly occurs during & after long periods of drought. It can result from either lightning or human activities.
Forest or Wildland Fires
Hydrometeorological Hazards: (5)
- Tropical Cyclone
- Tornado
- Floods
- Drought
- Forest or Wildland Fire
Hydrometeorological Hazards, Risks, & Disasters;
- Hazard Adaptation
- Risk Reduction
- Disaster Mitigation
Is knowing how to adjust or cope with an existing environmental condition in particular those pertaining to areas with potential hazards brought about by hydrometeorological phenomenon.
Hazard Adaptation
Measures to reduce the frequency or severity of losses brought about by the effects of hazards. It is also a measure of reducing the exposure of people to the effects of hazards.
Risk Reduction
These are measures or methods or strategies that eliminate or at least reduce the impacts & risks of hazards. There must be proactive meaures done prior to a disaster to prevent loss of lives & properties. One very common mitigation measures against floods are river channel dikes.
Disaster Mitigation
History of Life Science (Theories): (7)
- Theory of Special Creation
- Cosmozoic Theory
- Theory of spontaneous generation or ‘Abiogenesis’
- Biogenesis Theory
- Oparin’s Theory
- J.B.S Haldane’s Hypothesis
- Urey-Miller Hypothesis
This theory says that all living organisms were created by God. God created the first man Adam.
Theory of Special Creation
According to this theory, life has reached this planet Earth from other heavenly bodies such as meteorites, in the form of highly resistant spores of some organisms.
Cosmozoic Theory
Cosmozoic Theory is also called ______ __ _______.
Theory of Panspermia.
Is an archaic scientific theory which stated that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter & that such a process was regular in nature. It also explained the origin of life from the nonliving subjects.
Theory of Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis Theory
Is the theory that living things can only come from other living things.
Biogenesis Theory
It was developed in ____ by _____ _____ as a counter-hypothesis to spontaneous generation.
Biogenesis Theory
1858, Rudolf Virchow
________ believed that the life developed from microscopic spontaneously formed spherical lipid molecules held together by electrostateic forces, probably the earliest form of cells. These molecules most likely functioned as enzymes, essential for the biochemical metabolic reactions necessary for life’s evolution.
Oparin’s Theory:
Oparin
________ believed that simple organic molecules formed first & in the presence of ultraviolet light became increasingly complex, ultimately forming cells.
Haldane Theory:
Haldane
____ ____ ____ showed that simple inorganic molecules could combine to form the organic building blocks required for life as we know it. Once formed, these building blocks could have come together to form polymers such as proteins or RNA.
Urey-Miller Hypothesis:
Urey, Miller et al.
Origin of Life
There is evidence that ____-____ organisms lived on Earth ____ years ago
bacteria-like
3.5 billion
Remember:
“Breakfast gives energy”
Basic & fundamental unit of life, it possess a highly organized structure that enables it to carry out its vital functions.
Cell
Is a catabolic process during which glucose is broken down to release energy for a cell. Example include the breaking down of glucose to make CO₂ & H₂O
Cellular Respiration
ATP stands for:
Adenosine Triphosphate
Is called the energy currency of the cell.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
It is the organic compound composed of phosphate groups, adenine & sugar ribose.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
(3) Types of cell work that requires ATP:
- Mechanical
- Transport
- Chemical
Beating of cilia; contraction of muscle cells; cytoplasmic flow
Mechanical
Active Transport
Transport
Synthesis of polymers from monomers
Chemical
Three major stages of Cellular Respiration:
- Glycolysis
- Citric Acid Cycle
- Oxidation Phosphorylation
Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate where small amounts of ATP are produced. This process occurs in the ________ of the cell.
Glycolysis:
cytoplasm
Degrades pyruvate to carbon dioxide, water, ATP & reducing power in the form of NADH, H⁺. This stage happens in the ____ of the __________.
Citric Acid Cycle:
matrix, mitochondria
Citric Acid Cycle is also known as:
Krebs Cycle
A cellular process that harnesses the reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of Adenosince Triphosphate (ATP)
Oxidation Phosphorylation
ATP without Oxygen:
- Ethanol fermentation
- Lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvate from glycolysis loses carbon dioxide & is converted to two-carbon compound acetaldehyde which is then reduced to ethanol; this step also produces NADH, H⁺. Wine is produced by some bacteria through this process.
Ethanol fermentation
Pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced to lactate coupled with the oxidation of NADH, H⁺. When oxygen is scarce, human muscle cells may switch to anaerobic respiration leading to the accumulation of lactate.
Lactic acid fermentation
This is one of the characteristics of life. It is a biological process in which new individual organisms are produced, may it be sexual or asexual.
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
The process of transferring pollen from an anther to a stigma.
Pollination
BIOTIC POLLINATORS
Bees
Moths and Butterflies
Bats
Flies
Birds
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (4)
- Stems
- Roots
- Leaves
- Bulb
ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION
Grafting
Layering
Cutting
Composed of the stock (rooted part of the plant) and the scion (the attached part).
Grafting
Parent plant is bent and is covered by soil.
Layering
Cutting the stem at an angle of a shoot with attached leaves.
Cutting
Or the directional command of creating proteins from genetic information (DNA) was dubbed by Francis Crick in 1956.
The central dogma
The central dogma, or the directional command of creating proteins from genetic information (DNA) was dubbed by ___ ___ in ____.
Francis Crick
1956
The process in which genetic material is transferred from one organism to another.
Genetic engineering
The most traditional form of genetic engineering, wherein specificity of synthesis of target DNA sequence is less than current genetic engineering technology.
Artificial selection
