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11-JOEL > GenBio (3rd Quarter) > Flashcards

GenBio (3rd Quarter) Flashcards

1
Q

Basic and fundamental unit of life, it possesses a highly organized structure that enables it to carry out its vital functions.

A

Cell

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2
Q

Types of Cells

A

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

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3
Q

Have a defined nucleus

A

Eukaryotic

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4
Q

Lack a defined nucleus

A

Prokaryotic

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5
Q

All living organisms are composed of ____.

A

cells

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6
Q

New cells are created from __________.

A

preexisting cells

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7
Q

THE FOUNDATION OF THE CELL THEORY

A

• The cell is the basic unit of life.
• All living organisms are composed of cells.
• New cells are created from preexisting cells.

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8
Q

English physicist ________ used of the first light microscopes to look at thin slices of plant tissues.

A

Robert Hooke

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9
Q

In 1676, __________ published his observations on tiny living organisms which he named animalcules. It was believed that ___________ was the first to observe under his microscope the structure of a red blood cell of different animals as well as a sperm cell.

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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10
Q

In ____, Anton van Leeuwenhoek published his observations on tiny living organisms which he named ________. It was believed that Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe under his microscope the structure of a red blood cell of different animals as well as a sperm cell.

A

1676
animalcules

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11
Q

________ in 1831 was able to compare diverse kinds of plant specimens under the microscope. He markedly indicated that there is a common thing about them-they are all composed of cells, and inside the cell is a dark dense spot which he termed as the nucleus.

A

Robert Brown

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12
Q

Robert Brown in ____ was able to compare diverse kinds of plant specimens under the microscope. He markedly indicated that there is a common thing about them-they are all composed of cells, and inside the cell is a dark dense spot which he termed as the ____.

A

1831
nucleus

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13
Q

__________ (1838) concluded that all plant parts are made of cells.

A

Matthias Schleiden

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14
Q

Matthias Schleiden (year?) concluded that all plant parts are made of cells.

A

1838

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15
Q

____ (1839), also a botanist and a close friend of Schleiden, stated that all animal tissues are composed of cells, too.

A

Theodor Schwann

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16
Q

Theodor Schwann (year?), also a botanist and a close friend of Schleiden, stated that all animal tissues are composed of cells, too.

A

1839

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17
Q

In 1858, ________ concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

A

Rudolf Virchow

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18
Q

In ____, Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

A

1858

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19
Q

Modern Version of Cell Theory

A

• All known living things are made up of one or more cells.
• All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.
• The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
• The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells.
• Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
• Cells contain DNA which is found specifically in the chromosome and the RNA is found in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm.
• All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species.
• Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell.
• All living organisms are composed of and depends on cell to function normally.

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20
Q

These components work together to maintain cellular homeostasis and perform essential life activities.

A

Structure and basic functions

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21
Q

Cell structures can only be observed under high magnification electron microscope and are separated internally into numerous membranous compartments called ____ (little organs).

A

Organelles

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22
Q

helps in protecting the plasma membrane and plays a vital role in supporting and protecting the cells. It is a thick outer layer made of cellulose that gives the cell its shape.

A

Cell wall

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23
Q

The ________ surrounds the cell and is a selective barrier between the interior and the exterior.

A

cell membrane

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24
Q

Its primary role lies in regulating the passage of substances, including nutrients and waste materials.

A

cell membrane

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25
Q

Within it, specialized proteins play a crucial role in facilitating molecular transport and cellular communication.

A

cell membrane

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26
Q

A gel-like matrix containing water, salts, proteins, and other molecules. It occupies the intracellular space between the cell membrane and the nucleus.

A

Cytoplasm

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27
Q

It plays a crucial role in biochemical reactions, energy production, and substance transport. Essential for cellular metabolism, it provides structural support to the cell.

A

Cytoplasm

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28
Q

These are organelles are found in the cell membrane.

A

Membrane-Bound Organelles

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29
Q

An organelle that houses DNA, located in the center of eukaryotic cells.

A

Cell nucleus

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30
Q

Its primary function is to store and safeguard genetic information, controlling gene expression and DNA replication.

A

Cell nucleus

31
Q

It also contains the nucleolus, which is involved in ribosome synthesis.

A

Cell nucleus

32
Q

A network of interconnected membranes that extends from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane. It plays a fundamental role in the transport, processing, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

33
Q

There are two main types of Endoplasmic reticulum:

A

• The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
• The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

34
Q

Studded with ribosomes and is involved in the synthesis and modification of proteins.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

35
Q

Specializes in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

36
Q

Key in the processing and packaging of proteins and lipids produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Golgi apparatus

37
Q

It synthesizes carbohydrates and lipoproteins and is essential for maintaining the cell’s internal balance and facilitating communication with the outside.

A

Golgi apparatus

38
Q

Composed of a series of flattened sacs called cisternae, it acts as the ‘shipping center’ of the cell, sorting and packaging proteins into vesicles for transport and distribution.

A

Golgi apparatus

39
Q

They contain digestive enzymes that break down molecules and unwanted cellular materials.

A

Lysosomes

40
Q

They facilitate cellular digestion, by disposing of waste, recycling nutrients, and defending against pathogenic invasions.

A

Lysosomes

41
Q

Present in eukaryotic animal and plant cells. Their primary function is energy generation through cellular respiration (ATP production).

A

Mitochondria

42
Q

The double membrane of this allows for the organization of various stages of the respiratory chain, making it crucial for cellular function and survival.

A

Mitochondria

43
Q

Exclusive to plant cells and photosynthetic organisms, ________ carry out photosynthesis, converting solar energy into chemical energy.

A

Chloroplasts

44
Q

During photosynthesis, they synthesize glucose and other organic compounds using carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen as a byproduct

A

Chloroplasts

45
Q

They are responsible for the crucial production of oxygen that sustains the planet.

A

Chloroplasts

46
Q

They are membrane-bound sacs that are used to store or transport substances around the cell. Lysosomes are actually ________.

A

Vesicles

47
Q

They are essentially larger vesicles and they are formed by the joining together of many vesicles.

A

Vacuoles

48
Q

Their function varies greatly depending on the type of cell they are part of. In plant cells, they are important in maintaining turgor pressure.

A

Vacuoles

49
Q

They are essential organelles for cellular functioning and survival.

A

Ribosomes

50
Q

They are located in the cytoplasm and the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Ribosomes

51
Q

They synthesize proteins using the genetic information from messenger RNA (mRNA), which is crucial for cellular structure, function, and regulation.

A

Ribosome

52
Q

They are microtubules found next to the nucleus of animal cells and some protists. They move chromosomes around by forming fibers called spindle, during cell division.

A

Centrioles

53
Q

It is composed of protein filaments (microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments) and provides support and enables movement in eukaryotic cells.

A

Cytoskeleton

54
Q

Its specific functions encompass stability, intracellular transport, and contraction. Furthermore, it regulates cellular shape and plays a role in division, migration, and communication.

A

Cytoskeleton

55
Q

Specialized structures for movement. They are elongated and enable locomotion in liquid environments, whereas cilia are shorter and create coordinated flow on the cell surface.

A

Flagella and cilia

56
Q

Composed of microtubules in a ‘9+2’ pattern, they are essential for sperm motility.

A

Flagella and cilia

57
Q

They manage nutrients, eliminate waste, and regulate metabolic processes.

A

Storage and Transportation

58
Q

They capture and distribute materials for degradation, recycling, or their incorporation into metabolic pathways.

A

Endosomes

58
Q

Membranous vesicles that transport specific materials between organelles and the cell membrane.

A

Vesicles and endosomes

59
Q

They transport materials from the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus to other destinations.

A

Vesicles

60
Q

There are two kinds of organisms according to their cell structure:

A

the prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

61
Q

Are single-celled organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, and all other organelles.

A

Prokaryotes

62
Q

Its name comes from the Greek words pro, which means ”before”, and karyon,
which means ”nut or kernel”.

A

Prokaryotes

63
Q

Prokaryotes’ name comes from the Greek words pro, which means ?, and karyon,
which means ?

A

before
nut or kernel

64
Q

Are organisms with cells that contain membrane- bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

A

Eukaryotes

65
Q

Organization of Life

A

Atoms form molecules,
molecules form cells, cells
make up tissues, tissues create
organs, organs build organ
systems, and these systems
form organisms

66
Q

Four main types of cell

A
  1. Epithelial cells,
  2. Connective tissue cells
  3. Muscle cells and
  4. Nerve cells.
67
Q

This type of tissue is commonly seen outside the body as coverings or as linings of organs and cavities.

A

Epithelial Tissue

68
Q
A

Muscle cells

68
Q
A

Connective tissue cells

69
Q
A

Nerve cells

70
Q

They are characterized by closely-joined cells with tight junctions.

A

Epithelial tissues

71
Q

Arrangement of epithelial tissues

A

Cuboidal - For secretion.
Columnar: Brick-shaped for secretion and absorption.
Squamous: Plate-like for material exchange via diffusion.
Stratified Squamous: Multilayered for regeneration and protection.
Pseudo-stratified Columnar: Single layer, appearing stacked, lines respiratory tract, often ciliated.

11-JOEL (32 decks)

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