RD2 (3rd Quarter) Flashcards
Chapter 1 (BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY):
(7)
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
Hypothesis
Scope and Limitation
Significance of the Study
Definition of terms
What is the study about?
Introduction
Discusses:
- Research gap
- What your study is about
- Why you want to take up the study
Introduction
Introduction must be at least how many pages?
2-3 pages
Should contain:
- 1 General Statement
- Multiple specific problems/objectives
Statement of the Problem
The purpose of this in research study is to identify the gap knowledge or the issue to be addressed.
Statement of the Problem
Based on a theory
Theoretical
Based on your own concept/plan for the study
Conceptual
Should be related to your study
Theoretical
Includes your Independent & Dependent variables
Conceptual
- What you want to prove or disprove in your study
- We utilize the Null Hypothesis - negating an idea
- The affirmative statement is called Alternative Hypothesis
- Difference denotes cause & effect (Descriptive)
- Relationship (Correlational)
Hypothesis (Quantitative only)
Should inclde 5W’s and 1H
Scope and Limitation
Can either be: time constraint of researcher, budget of the researcher, availability of the respondent
Scope and Limitation
How many paragraph for scope?
1 paragraph
How many paragraph for limitation?
1 paragraph
- What should we define?
- Those words found in the:
*title
*variables used
*variables found in the conceptual framework
*regularly mentioned words all throughout the paper
Definition of terms
Limitation can either be
Time constraint of researcher
Budget of the researcher
Availability of the respondent
Tells the audience who will benefit from the study.
Should be presented in Hierarchical form (General to Specific)
Significance of the Study
Definition of terms has 2 Types:
Conceptual
Operational
those based on dictionary
Conceptual
how you use the word in your study
Operational
- Choose whether Quantitative or Qualitative
- Explain why it is an appropriate design for your study
- Specify if Quanti or Quali
Researh design
- Description of the area where you will conduct the study
- May be selected: barangay level, city/municipal level, provincial level, regional level, nationwide, international
Research Locale
the entire subject intended to be studied
Population (N)
a portion of the population
Sample (n)
- Population (N)
- Sample (n)
- Probability sampling
- non-probability sampling
Population, Sample & Sampling Technique
Probability sampling (6 types):
- Random sampling
- Simple random
- Systematic random
- Stratified random
- Multistage
- Cluster
Everyone has a chance to be selected as part of the sample
Random sampling
Pick anyone from the selection
Simple random
Every 5th, Everyone whose birthday is June
Systematic sampling
Select 5 per year level
Stratified random
Select 5 male per year level (2 variables)
Multistage
Group 30% Male, 70% Female, then conduct simple random sampling per cluster
Cluster
Non-probability sampling (4 types):
- Convenience
- Purposive
- Quota
- Snowball
Whoever is available
Convenience
With criteria. There should be at least 3 criteria.
Purposive
100 people aged 20-30
Quota
By referral
Snowball
- Survey questionnaire (tool)
- 4 point likert scale
Quantitative
Interview
* Open ended
* Structured
* Semi-structured (Guide questions)
* Unstructured (1 Grand tour questions)
Qualitative
The process of collecting and
analyzing numerical data. It can be
used to find patterns and averages,
make predictions, test causal
relationships, and generalize results
to wider populations.
Quantitative Research
Characteristics of Quantitative Research (8)
- Larger sample size
- Objective
- Visual result presentation
- Faster data analysis
- Generalized data
- Fast data collection
- Reliable data
- Replication
Data is numerical, which makes presentation through graphs, charts and tables possible and for better conveyance and interpretation.
VISUAL RESULT PRESENTATION
To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data must come from a larger sample size.
LARGER SAMPLE SIZE
Data gathering and analysis of results
are done accurately, objectively, and are unaffected
by the researcher’s intuition and personal guesses.
OBJECTIVE
The use of a statistical tools give way for a less time- consuming data analysis.
FASTER DATA ANALYSIS
Data taken from a sample
can be applied to the population if the sampling is
done accordingly, ie. sufficient size and random
samples were taken.
GENERALIZED DATA
Depending on the type of data needed, collection can be quick and easy. Quantitative research uses standardized research instruments that allow the researcher to collect data from a larger sample size efficiently.
FAST DATA COLLECTION
Data is taken and analyzed
objectively from the sample representative of
the population, making it more credible and
reliable for policymaking and decision
making.
RELIABLE DATA
The Quantitative method can
be repeated to verify findings enhancing its
validity, free from false or immature
conclusions.
REPLICATION
Kinds of Quantitative Research (4)
Descriptive Research
Correlational Research
Quasi-experimental Research
Experimental Research/True experimentation
It seeks to describe the current status of an identified variable. These research projects are designed to provide systematic information about
phenomenon.
Descriptive Research
It attempts to determine the
extent of a relationship between two or ore variables
using statistical data. In this type of design,
relationships between and among a number of facts
are sought and interpreted.
Correlational Research
It attempts to establish cause effect relationships among the
variables. These types of design are very similar
to true experiments, but with some key
differences, An independent variable is identified
but not manipulated by the experimenter, and
effects of the independent variable on the
dependent variable are measured.
Quasi-experimental Research
uses the scientific method to establish the cause effect relationship among group of variables that make up a study. A true experiment is any study
where an effort is made to identify and impose control over all other variables except one.
Experimental Research/True experimentation
