OralComms- 1st Quarter Flashcards
It is through communication that this takes place.
An exchange takes place between two or more individuals for social fulfillment.
Social Interaction
communicators make use of language to convey what they would like others to know
Verbal Communication
The message is delivered with the use of media.
Mass Communication
This is usually experienced when a person feels intense frustration.
Angry
presents communication as a one-way activity in which information flows from the sender to the receiver
Linear Communication Model
Examples of small group interactions:
Roundtable discussions
Panel Discussions
Group Brainstorming Sessions
Study Groups
2 kinds of interpersonal communication:
Dyad
Small Group
3 Nonverbal Communication in Intercultural Communication:
Hugging
Public Display of Affections
Eye Contact
Oral communication is often less formal than written communication and may involve informal language. However, the level of formality can vary depending on the context of the communication.
Less formal
delivered with the speaker preparing a speech outline or notes beforehand
Extemporaneous Speech
To engage in intercultural communication, participants should essentially understand the concept of
Self-awareness
the use of words or speech in sending and transmitting ideas or feelings
Verbal Communication
According to Dutch linguist ______ ____ in his book The Five Clocks:
- Intimate
- Casual
- Consultative
- Formal
- Frozen
Martin Joos
delivered with very little or no preparation
brief and unrehearsed since the speaker does not have time to practice the speech
Impromptu speech
refers to the tone, speed, and volume of a speaker’s voice
Paralanguage
Types of speeches according to purpose:
- Expository or Informative Speech
Persuasive Speech
Entertainment Speech
involves feedback, an element missing from the linear communication model
Interactive Communication Model
starting point of communication
Sender
translates the internal thoughts of the sender into a language that can be understandable
Encoding
One’s culture is not just defined by one’s upbringing. This can also be determined by a person’s
Gender and Age
This is done to convince people to adopt a specific point of view or to call people to action.
To persuade
Occurs mostly in a workplace or an organized environment.
Uses an organization’s formal channels, such as letters, memorandums, or e-mails.
It may also be done face-to-face.
It is more systematic, documented, and planned.
Formal Communication
4 Basic Human Emotions:
Happy
Sad
Surprised
Angry
In mixed-gender conversations: (3)
men initiate the interaction
men often interrupt the other person who is speaking. Women usually allow an interruption
men use fewer adjectives and intensifiers compared to women
given to provide the audience with information regarding a topic or to expand their knowledge about a topic that they are already familiar with
Expository or Informative Speech
This is usually characterized by feelings of despair, sorrow, loss, hopelessness, disappointment, or even depression.
Sad
often used in formal situations, such as in a graduation ceremony, an official meeting, a television newscast, and a conference
Formal Speech Style
It is the transmission or exchange of a message, feelings, or meaning through verbal or nonverbal cues.
There is an interdependent relationship between or among the participants.
Interpersonal communication
Functions of Communication: (5)
Regulation or Control
Social Interaction
Motivation
Information Dissemination
Emotional Expression
an appeal to the speaker’s credibility or authority as perceived by the audience
Ethos
present valid arguments and sound reasoning, relate with the audience, and be honest
Credible
communication comes from the Latin word ________ meaning ______
communis
common
When a person is motivated, he or she feels a sense of personal achievement, which contributes to his or her confidence in achieving a goal.
It empowers individuals
refers to the use of body language in communication
includes gestures, eye contact, and facial expression
Kinesics
serves to describe or explain an event or an issue that is interesting, significant, or unusual
helps explain to the audience what happened, why it happened, and what resulted from the event
promotes understanding by presenting the reasons why an issue exists and what its implications and effects are
Reportorial Speech
In general, men and women differ in terms of their communication style
Gender
it is formed (created), acquired (learned), and spread (shared) through interactions with others.
Culture
Also known as manuscript speech
a speaker reads a prepared text or manuscript to the audience
Reading from a manuscript
In these conversations, some tend to dominate the conversation, and they seldom talk about their private lives.
Men-only conversations
the participants may use group language so only members of the group can understand it
Casual Speech Style
it is most visible in the differences of cultures in the interpretation of verbal and non-verbal linguistics
Intercultural Communication
8 Process of Communication
Sender
Message
Encoding
Media
Decoding
Receiver
Feedback
Noise
According to ______ _________ in his book An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (1986), “No one speaks the same way all the time.”
Ronald Wardhaugh
the most operational style among the other styles
Consultative Speech Style
shows only a passive receiver
Linear Communication Model
our culture shapes the way we communicate with others, resulting in a constantly evolving relationship between culture and communication known as
Intercultural Communication
presents accurate information that is up-to-date, reliable, and uncorrupted
Accurate
A person has to persevere to establish a good image, so he or she tries his or her best to be a good conversationalist.
Behavior
is generally defined as knowledge or facts about a certain subjects such as events, person, or situation. Sharing this is an important component in communication
Information Dissemination
Aims to influence the audience to accept the speaker’s position or stand on an issue
Persuasive Speech
refers to how space or distance between sender and receiver affects their communication
Proxemics
uses prescribed and highly formal language, such as in official or historical documents and literary texts
Frozen Speech Style
refers to a conceptual representation that is used to explain the communication process
Model of Communication
since there is little or no feedback from the listeners or audience, the speaker needs to plan ahead his or her utterances, or what he or she is going to say
Formal Speech Style
Types of speeches according to delivery
Reading from a manuscript
Memorized speech
Impromptu speech
Extemporaneous speech
takes into account that communicators react to the situation based on their own past experiences, current status, and anticipated future
Transactional Communication Model
process of translating the encoded message into an effective language, which can be understood by the receiver
Decoding
the path, channel, or medium through which an encoded message is transmitted to the receiver
Media
ensures that the receiver has received and understood the message
Feedback
a shared system of knowledge among a large group of individuals
Culture
carrier of the message
Media
indicates that the listener wants the speaker to stop talking
Head-shaking
Oral communication includes the use of spoken words as well as nonverbal cues like facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language.
Verbal and nonverbal cues
senders and receivers are both participants, capable of sending and receiving messages anytime or at the same time
Transactional Communication Model
This is experienced when a person is content, pleased, delighted, or excited.
Can be expressed nonverbally through a person’s voice, facial expressions, and gestures.
Happy
Characteristics of Speech Context
- Number of participants
- Physical proximity of the participants to another
- The channel used for communication
- The immediacy of the exchange
Oral communication involves a two way exchanging of information between a speaker and a listener. It is an interactive process that allows instant feedback and clarification.
Dynamic and interactive
transmission of ideas and emotions between or among persons using verbal and nonverbal cues
Communication
Public communication may be done for the following reasons:
To inform
To persuade
To entertain
person who conveys his thoughts, message or ideas to the receiver
Sender
use simple words and straightforward sentences, define unfamiliar concepts, and choose an organizational pattern
Clear
3 ways to look into how motivation works:
Needs
Behaviors
Rewards
show enthusiasm, creativity, and sincerity
also essential that you build rapport with the audience
engage them by sharing a personal experience, asking a provocative question, and telling a humorous story
Memorable
In men-only conversations: (5)
assertive and competitive
reserved
talk about different topics
need personal space
purpose: to provide information
In these conversations, they usually allow everyone to participate, and they often talk about their personal relationships
Women-only conversations
sender and receiver have the same role in the activity; either one comes up with an idea, sends a message, and reacts to it
Interactive Communication Model
the process of reversal of communication in which the receiver express his reaction to the sender of the message
Feedback
any factor that interferes with communication
Noise
5 Characteristics of Oral Communication
Dynamic and interactive
Verbal and nonverbal cues
Less formal
Spoken words
Contextual and Situational
When a person is stimulated or excited about doing something, he or she will find it easier to do the task.
It increases productivity
used by participants who share a very close relationships
Intimate Speech Style
subject matter of communication
Message
Oral communication relies on spoken words as the primary medium of conveying messages. It involves the use of language, including vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation, to express thoughts and ideas.
Spoken words
occurs only in the mind of the individual and is spoken aloud.
this occurs when an individual speaks with oneself, such as practicing a message to be delivered to others or when speaking aloud to clarify or to better understand a certain idea or concept.
Solo vocal communication
person who receives the message from the sender
Receiver
provides a vivid picture of a person, a place, or an object
Description Speech
it is vital in preserving and passing on cultural traits between individuals, regions, and eras.
Communication
process of converting messages into communication symbols, which may be understood by the receiver
Encoding
communication may be used for the purpose of motivating oneself and others in various situations.
Motivation
may affect the sender, message, or receiver, hindering effective communication and leading to varied interpretations by the receiver
Noise
may also include noise, an element that affects the interpretation of the message
Interactive Communication Model
requires you to commit your speech to memory
usually appropriate for relatively short speeches
Memorized speech
When a speaker looks at a listener, the speaker is signaling that he or she is requesting feedback or wants the listener to take the floor.
When a listener looks at and slightly up at the speaker, the listener is signaling that he or she wants the floor.
When a speaker looks away or avoids eye contact from a listener who wishes to take the floor, the speaker is suppressing the listener’s attempt to take the floor.
Eye contact
used to address or is given before an audience of absolute strangers
Frozen Speech Style
Model of Communication has 3 general types
What are they?
Linear Communication Model
Interactive Communication Model
Transactional Communication Model
presents information about how to do something or how something is done.
Demonstration Speech
the speaker attempts to convince the audience to adopt his or her way of thinking or to change the way they think about things
Convincing speech
characterized by a complete absence of social inhibitions
Intimate Speech Style
Composed of three or more participants, or a group of participants, who engage in a discussion, often to achieve a common goal such as to solve a problem, to perform an action or task, or to decide on something.
Small Group
involves writing that is not intended for others
journaling or writing in one’s diary are examples of this
Solo written communication
represents source of communication
Sender
When you interact with others, it is important to choose an appropriate speech style to use. In doing so, you should consider several factors:
Audience
Topic
Purpose
Location
4 Main types of informative speeches:
Description Speech
Explanation Speech
Demonstration Speech
Reportorial Speech
Occurs in non-organized situations.
This is more authentic and not systematic.
Informal Communication
refers to the role of time in the communication process
Chronemics
In women-only conversations: (5)
polite and affectionate
expressive
talk about one topic at length
intimate
purpose: to build or maintain relationship
Involves a single speaker and a sizable number of people or an audience.
Requires more planning and preparation on the part of the speaker, has limited or no opportunities for feedback, and the speaker needs to use and sustain appropriate verbal and nonverbal cues to convey his or her message to the audience.
Public Communication
it is essential for better communication with others, especially with those who are different from you
Self-awareness
This speech style is also used in sermons, speeches, and announcements. This is also the style that is used for academic and business writing.
Formal Speech Style
Communication is used to regulate or control the pace and flow of conversations or the speaking of a participant so that interruptions and awkward silences between speakers are avoided. Both verbal and nonverbal cues are used to help achieve this purpose.
Regulation or Control
When a person gets the reactions he or she expected to receive when he or she has finished with the conversation, he or she becomes more motivated to keep conversations going.
Rewards
You would also need to tailor your verbal and nonverbal cues to the following categories of communication:
Formal communication
Informal Communication
to complete the process of communication, this is essential
Feedback
Aims to amuse audience members and put them in a jovial mood
Entertainment Speech
lacks participation from listeners
Formal Speech Style
Kinds of persuasive speech:
Convincing Speech
Actuation Speech
Oral communication is highly dependent on the context and situation in which it takes place. Factors such as the audience, purpose, and cultural background influence the language, tone, and style used by the speaker.
Contextual and situational
4 Main types of speech context:
Intrapersonal Speech Context
Interpersonal Speech Context
Public Communication
Mass Communication
explains or defines a concept, term, or an abstract topic (e.g., idea, principle, philosophy)
Explanation Speech
signals that the speaker is done talking and is now yielding the floor
Leaning back
refers to the use of touch to convey meaning in a conversation
Haptics
5 Types of Nonverbal Communication
Proxemics
Kinesics
Chronemics
Paralanguage
Haptics
listener does not participate
Formal Speech Style
designed to urge the audience to take particular action
Actuation Speech
people of different ages or generations may have difficulty communicating with one another.
Age
Composed of two participants who take turns as sender and the receiver in the communication process.
Also called “one-to-one” communication
Dyad
Strategies for Organizing an Impromptu Speech:
Opening Rule of Three-Clincher
Past-Present-Future
Point-Reason-Example/Explanation-Point
Means communicating with oneself.
It takes place when the individual is being introspective or engaging in inner talk or internal discourse.
Intrapersonal Communication
Refers to the situation or environment and the circumstances in which communication occurs.
Speech Context
Rhetorical Appeals in persuasive speeches:
Ethos
Pathos
Logos
presents communication not only as a two-way process but also as a simultaneous activity
Transactional Communication Model
the act of expressing ideas in ways that do not involve or go beyond using words
Nonverbal Communication
This is done to give information about a topic
To inform
Different types of intrapersonal communication
Internal discourse
Solo written communication
Solo vocal communication
also called the oratorical style
Frozen Speech Style
includes ideas, feelings, suggestions, order, etc. which a sender wants to convey to the receiver
Message
Speeches can be classified in two ways:
According to Purpose
According to Delivery
This can be determined easily in any communication processes.
A person feels motivated when this arises.
Evident when a person wants to attain something.
Needs
considers nonverbal cues as feedback
Transactional Communication Model
a relaxed or informal dialogue between friends, peers, colleagues, or family
Casual Speech Style
5 Kinds of Speech Styles:
Intimate Speech Style
Casual Speech Style
Consultative Speech Style
Formal Speech Style
Frozen Speech Style
The act of speaking in front of a sizable number of people
Public speaking
used in semi-formal situations in which a speaker needs to provide background information because the listener may not be able to understand without it
Consultative Speech Style
This is usually felt when something unexpected occurs.
Surprised
appeal to the audience’s emotions
Pathos
Characteristics of an Expository or Informative Speech
Credible
Accurate
Clear
Memorable
signals that the speaker is not finished speaking or that the listener would like to say something
Raising the index finger
shows communication as a two-way activity
Interactive Communication Model
help humans communicate their ideas and feelings toward certain situations. It can vary from time to time depending on the situation, the participant, and even the environment in which the communication occurs. It can be conveyed verbally or nonverbally
Emotional Expression
This is done during special occasions.
To entertain
participants share a completely private vocabulary, making it difficult for others who are outside of the group to understand
Intimate Speech Style
the most formal style and is reserved for very formal situations such as in religious services, state affairs, and court proceedings
Frozen Speech Style
involves inner talk or activities such as thinking, reflecting, analyzing, or evaluating, which are done entirely within the mind of an individual
Internal discourse
