Philo - 2nd Quarter Flashcards
Is the study of ethical behavior and is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates the questions that arise regarding how one ought to act in a moral state.
Normative Ethics
Is the study of moral thought and moral language. Rather than addressing questions about what practices are right and wrong and what are obligations to other people or future generations.
Meta Ethics
Well-known anthropologist in his article entitled Folkways our notion of what is ‘right’ stems from man’s basic instinct is to survive.
William Sumner
The traditional behavior or way of life of a particular community or group of people.
Folkways
Considered right and good by most people: agreeing with a standard of right behavior.
Morals
existentialist philosopher assumes the idea of radical freedom, by claiming that man is condemned to be free.
Jean-Paul Sartre
Author of the book Ethics: Modern conception of the Principle of Right (1955), there are two necessary conditions for morality to occur: Freedom and Obligation
John Mothershead
Is assumed when one is making his choices and is the agent that is taking full responsibility in planning his life, and in one process, planning and budgeting his actions for some future outlook or goals.
Freedom
An act or course of action to which a person is morally or legally bound a duty or commitment.
Obligation
Define:
Eager
enthusiastic, desirous, keen
Define:
Earmark
to set aside for a specific use
Define:
Earnest
sincere
Define:
Earthenware
pottery made from baked clay
Define:
Ebb
the flowing away of tidewater to the ocean, decline
Define:
Eccentric
unconventional, odd
Define:
Eerie
causing fear, weird
Define:
Elate
to fill with happiness or pride
Define:
Eloquent
able to talk and express oneself well
Define:
Elude
to avoid stealthily
John Mothershead is the author of the book?
Ethics: Modern Conception of the Principle of Right (1955)
What are the two necessary conditions for morality to occur?
Freedom
Obligation
Who said that conduct refers to deliberate human action
Mothershead
A way of behaving, thinking, or feeling that is not learned
Instinct
Are basic and fundamental beliefs that guide or motivate attitudes or actions. They help us to determine what is important to us.
Values
Concern themselves with right and wrong. Also define what is socially acceptable, good or evil.
Moral Values
Ideas that society considers important. They are at play when person interacts with the wide world or has to make a decision that will have a consequence on others.
Moral Values
An action is considered morally good because of some characteristics of the action itself not because the product of an action is good.
Deontological Ethics
Said that deontological ethics presumes that actions are thought to have intrinsic value in their own right.
Dupre
Teleological from Greek telos, ___ and logos, ___
End, Science
Teleological Ethics
Theory of morality that derives duty or moral obligation from what is good or desirable as an end to be achieved.
Teleological Ethics
English philosopher, child genius, contributed the theory Utilitarianism
John Stuart Mill
A theory of morality, which advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and opposes actions that cause unhappiness or harm.
Utilitarianism
Assumed that pleasure is quantifiable.
Jeremy Bentham
It is the discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings to and also the value and moral status of, the environment and its non-human contents.
Environmental Ethics
American conservationist and forester. published an article entitled A sand Country almanac
Aldo Leopoldo
Emphasized the importance of the adoption of a land ethic giving importance to land as an entity that should be given due respect and love.
Aldo Leopoldo
Author of the article entitled Environmental Problems and Future Generations
Bryan Norton
It dealt with wisely using our resources together with the protection of natural monuments or protected areas
First Generation Environmental Problems
It dealt with the destruction of natural environments and pollution.
Second Generation Problems
It is trying to deal with the possibility of cataclysms or catastrophes brought by ozone depletion, acid rain and green house effect.
Third Present Generations of Environmental Problems
Author of a book entitled Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues (1995)
Barbara Mckinnon
claims that a human centered anthropocentric perspective would have to support broad environmentalism for it to be viable.
Barbara Mckinnon
Australian philosopher who wrote an article entitled Animal Liberation
Peter Singer
Said that the realm of being morally considerable must be extended to higher forms of animals or intelligent animals like dogs, chimpanzees who are sentient and therefore, have the capacity to feel pain and thus suffering.
Peter Singer
Proponent of animal rights who wrote an article entitled The Case for Animal Rights, proposed that animal rights should be accorded to higher forms of animals, especially mammals.
Tom Regan
It is the view that not only humans and animals but also plants should be morally considerable.
Biocentrism
In his article The Ethics of Respect for Nature, all living things should be considered as teleological centers of life.
Paul Taylor
Ethicist, in his article entitled On Being Morally Considerable, proposes that being sentient is just a means of attaining a living organism goal which is being alive or having life.
Kenneth Goodpaster
Regards ecosystem as holistic entities that should be given moral consideration
Ecocentrism
In his article entitled The Conceptual Foundations of the land Ethic, proposed that the land ethic morality is the next stage of mans ethical evolutionary development
Callicott
In his article entitled Challenges in Environmental ethics, has emphasized the need for an ecological conscience for environmental ethics to take a foothold
Rolston
An environmental movement and philosophy which regards human life as just one of many equal components of a global ecosystem.
Deep Ecology
It is a movement which simply promotes conservations strategies against pollution and depletion of resources.
Shallow Ecology
Believed that human beings should look at the self as an extension of nature, where the human ego would be identified with nature.
Arne Naess
Said that the poor are not at all concerned with intrinsic value of nature and its species or the quality of life: survival is their main concern.
Ramachandra Guha
The study of relationships between people and their environment, often the interdependece of people, collective and institutions. Social ecology (Book chin), a theory about the relationship between ecological and social issues, associated with Murray Book chin.
Social Ecology
Believes that ecological problems could be traced to social problems, which he claims are the sources of the growing environmental crisis.
Bookchin
It is a term that links feminism with ecology. Its advocates say that paternalistic society has led to a harmful split between nature and culture.
Ecofeminism
Is the change of weather that can last for an extended period of time or may be permanent. It is when the normal, or average, weather for a certain country gives fauna and flora a hard time to adapt its to sudden change.
Climate Change
Are any kind of species that are at risk of becoming extinct.
Endangered Species
Is the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the demands of water usage within a region.
Water Scarcity
a non profit organization on sustainability leadership stated that the rising global population combined with economic growth in emerging markets will trigger a growing demand for potable water and food.
Ceres
Is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable Development
In his article entitled Ecology and Morality wrote about human obligations to ecosystems.
Peter Wenz
Claims that a positive duty is a duty to protect the environment from any and every threat, or a duty to bring aid.
Wenz/Peter Wenz
The duty to protect the environment from oneself on the other hand, rests on a principle concerning the duty to do no harm which is a negative duty.
Wenz/Peter Wenz
Former US vice president in an article entitled Global Marshall plan (1990) envisions the attainment of sustainable development by making wealthy nations with advanced economies help third world nations by bringing and sharing their advanced green technologies.
Albert Gore
French existentialist, considers two ways of reflection, which he calls primary and secondary reflections.
Gabriel Marcel
Occurs when we inquire about things in a distant and objective manner
Primary Reflection
Is best understood as an act of critical reflection on primary reflection, and as a process of recovery of the “mysteries of being.” cannot occur without involving the inquirer into his inquiry.
Secondary Reflection
Stated that having a
body implies ownership.
Gabriel Marcel
Refers to the things in our
lives that are already given.
Example : family
Facticity
German philosopher calls human beings dasein, a German word which literally means being there.
Martin Heidegger
Is used in data analysis when data is collected across both space and time. It describes a phenomenon in a certain location and time — for example, shipping movements across a geographic area over time
Spatial Temporal Being
Having a body which links us to world appears to be a source of limitation because we can never directly and fully experience the world.
Body as Intermediary
