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Question 1

biological risk factors to phobias

Answer 1

• GABA dysfunction (predisposing)
• stress response (precipitating)
  -long term potentiation (perpetuating)

Question 2

psychological risk factors to phobias

Answer 2

• behavioural models
  
  • classical conditioning (precipitating)
  • operant conditioning (perpetuating)
• cognitive models (perpetuating)

Question 3

social risk factors to phobias

Answer 3

• specific environmental triggers (precipitating)
• stigma (perpetuating)

Question 4

GABA dysfunction

Answer 4

body fails to produce, release or receive correct amount of GABA needed to regulate neurotransmitters in the brain
- cause postsynaptic neurons to fire more regularly, increasing anxiety

Question 5

stress response

Answer 5

• caused by phobic stimulus
• activates fight- flight - freeze response
• physiological response
• heighten anxiety
• often triggered in absence of phobic stimulus
• often excessive

Question 6

long term potentiation

Answer 6

• brain plasticity (physical changes)
• repeated stimulation strengthens synaptic connection
• important role in learning and memory of fear

Question 7

behavioural models

Answer 7

• classical conditioning
  innate, natural fear response becomes conditioned fear response
  automatically and involuntarily produced
  stimulus generalisation
• operant conditioning
  acquired through classical, maintained through operant
  negative reinforcement contributes to avoidance behaviour - contributes to phobic response
  a-b-c- avoidance behaviour

Question 8

cognitive models

Answer 8

focuses how individuals process information about phobic stimulus and its context

Question 9

cognitive bias

Answer 9

tendency to think in a way that involves errors of judgement and faulty decision making
- memory bias
- catastrophe thinking

Question 10

memory bias

Answer 10

distorting influence of knowledge, beliefs and feelings on the recollection of previous memories (selective memory)
- consistency bias
- change bias

Question 11

consistency bias

Answer 11

memories are distorted through reconstruction to fit what is presently known/ believed in ways that incorporate those fears

Question 12

change bias

Answer 12

exaggerate what we knew/ felt then (during memory) to match what we know/ feel now
leads to phobia growing over time

Question 13

catastrophe thinking

Answer 13

overestimating, exaggerating magnifying an object/ situation and predicting worst possible outcome

Question 14

specific environmental triggers

Answer 14

direct, negative, traumatic experience with phobic stimulus and attribute it to the cause of phobia
- more severe trauma, more likely to develop phobia
- subsequent exposure after traumatic experience can decrease development of phobia

Question 15

stigma

Answer 15

affect willingness to tell family/ friends
seek treatment