Tubular Organs

Question 1

Systems present in thoracic cavity

Answer 1

Cardiovascular (heart vessels ect), respiratory (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli), and digestive (esophagus)

Question 2

Systems present in non thoracic cavity

Answer 2

Cardiovascular, digestive, nervous, urinary, genital

Question 3

Solid organs composed of multiple tubular components

Answer 3

Lungs, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, kidney

Question 4

Tunica intima

Answer 4

Luminal Innermost tunica of typical vascular tube, surface facing lumen of blood vessel faces things transport in it; very interactive surface; makes hormones; thin wth many level, 1st level is simple squamous epithelium (endothelial), then basal lamina then subendothelial connective tissue then elastic lamina (sheet)

Question 5

Tunica media

Answer 5

Middle tunica; major component of 1st layer= smooth muscle and elastic lamina, blood travels in tube from high pressure end to low pressure end; smooth muscles in vessels doesn’t push blood to where its going but it will close off vessels to direct blood another way; has nerve fibers bc needs enervation for smooth muscle to contract

Question 6

Tunica adventitia

Answer 6

Outermost tunica in typical vascular tube structure, blends often imperceptibly with connective tissue vessel; ALL vascular tubes have this

Question 7

Tunics of typical vascular tube

Answer 7

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia

Question 8

4 tunics of non vascular tube

Answer 8

Tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, tunica serosa or tunica adventitia

Question 9

Tunica mucosa

Answer 9

Innermost tunica of non vascular tubes, 3 sheets or lamina to it

1. Lamina epithelialis- can be lining or source of glandular tissue; this is surface contacting, this is what is contacting whatever is moving through the tube and communicating with things passing through it; not innervated; a vascular gets nutrients by diffusion from vessels in lamina propria
2. Lamina propria- has a lot of glands in it; connective tissue lining, nerve fibers are present; lymphoid tissue present
3. Lamina muscularis mucosa- innervated, supply’s support to some lining surfaces, outermost limit of mucosa; can follow mucosal folding

Question 10

Tunica submucosa

Answer 10

2nd inner most layer of non vascular tube thick compared to tunica mucosa (denser connective tissue), provides strength, has vessels coming in and branching therefore it must be bigger; ganglia (neuron cell bodies) and plexuses (axons associated with ganglia (must innervated smooth muscle in lamina muscularis mucosa), has a limited number of glands

Question 11

Tunica muscularis

Answer 11

2nd outermost layer of non-vascular tube
Usually 2 layers of smooth muscle, bracelet like inner layer (circularly arranged), outer layer like uncooked spaghetti; plexsus of nerves moves out to smooth muscle to innervated it; there are three layers in “storage organs)

Question 12

Tunica serosa or tunica adventitia

Answer 12

Outermost layer of non vascular tube;
T serosa if directly faces serosal cavity (see a lot of this in gut tube) otherwise T. Adventitia not directly facing serous membrane (this is a connective tissue layer)

Question 13

Tunica mucosa in esophagus

Answer 13

Lamina epithelial, lamina propria, lamina muscularis mucosa
Lamina epithelia- protective eithelial layer on a wet surface= stratified squamous (non-keratinized) epithelium (outer); will be keritanized if in mucosa that needs more protection like in an animal that eats seeds
Lamina propria- composed of dense irregular connective tissue (middle)
Lamina muscularis mucosa- mad up of smooth muscle fibers (inner)

Question 14

Tunica submucosa in esophagus

Answer 14

Submucosa glands (epithelia) provide mucus secretion to lubricate the ingesta; glands open via a duct onto luminal surface from which they developed

Question 15

Tunica muscularis in esophagus

Answer 15

Robust muscular layer for peristalsis, smooth and or skeletal muscle (usually 2 layers skeletal vs smooth muscle depending on organism)

Question 16

Tunica adventitia in esophagus

Answer 16

Connective tissue surrounding esophagus, blends with connective tissue in mediastinum (surrounded by connective tissue therefore not direct facing of serosal surface)

Question 17

Tubes associated with glands

Answer 17

Exocrine gland, endocrine gland

Question 18

Exocrine gland

Answer 18

Gland (or portion of gland) that retains its attachment at the point of its envagination and uses the remaining attachment as duct to transport the secretion of the gland to the surface origin (glands grow from epithelial surface if this connection is maintained secretions can travel back to duct to be excreted and this is an exocrine gland) ex glands associated with the skin

Question 19

Glands associated with the skin

Answer 19

Exocrine glands, salivary glands open into oral cavity/ vestibule bile duct from liver, deposits bile in duodenum pancreatic ducts from exocrine portion of pancreas deposits digestive enzymes in the duodenum

Question 20

Endocrine gland

Answer 20

Gland (or component of the gland) that loses its attachment at the point of its envagination and uses local diffusion and/ or blood transport to the secretion of the gland

Question 21

Modifications of tubular walls

Answer 21

Change the elements within the wall, change the nature of the wall itself

Question 22

Change the elements within the wall

Answer 22

Epithelial lining, number of cell layers, nature of surface cells, cell surface specialization (microvilli, cilia), glandular components, cell types with in lamina propria

Question 23

Changes in nature of wall itself

Answer 23

Increase length of tube, increase surface area (folds, ridges (rugi); projections= villi, intramural glands in l.propria and l. Submcosa

Question 24

Evaluation of tubular organs

Answer 24

Visual examination of openings of tubes (mucocutaneous junctions)(open nose and mouth), visualization of internal structure with speculum or fiber optic scope, palpation (internal or external), imaging- radiographs (plain films, contrast studies), CT scans, MRI, biopsy (nerves, muscles, tubular organs)

Question 25

Tube formation via tissue folding

Answer 25

Form by taking flat sheet of tissue with differential rate of growth of folds which ultimately come together to form tube
Ex neural tube, body wall, gut tube

Question 26

De novo tube formation

Answer 26

Just sort of make tube out of the blue this is how blood vessels usually form. These are formed when angiotensin clusters come together

Question 27

Divertuculate of existing tubes

Answer 27

Glands, auditory tube, lungs, liver, pancreas

LIttle outgrowths of other tubes become different tubes in divertuclation

Question 28

Branching

Answer 28

Blood vessels and airways; trachea grows ventrally out of esophagus which branch into lung buds

Question 29

Tunic

Answer 29

Coat

Question 30

Structure of typical vascular tube

Answer 30

3 coats/ tunics, do not have to have all 3; tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

Question 31

Elastic lamina distribution

Answer 31

More elastic lamina in vessels closer to heart bc needs elasticity to handle blood flow through it

Question 32

Vessel for vessel

Answer 32

Thick vessels have this to supply blood vessel wall bc thick vessel is too thick for its own diffusion; made from adventitia layer, relative amount of this to tunica media tells you about vein vs artery

Question 33

“Lasagna”

Answer 33

Pink structures that look like lasagna are elastic membranes

Question 34

Lymph capillaries

Answer 34

Tubes that pick up interstitial fluid and bring it back to venous circulation

Question 35

Rugi

Answer 35

Ridges in stomach that flatten to allow more surface area

Question 36

Villi

Answer 36

Finger like projections found in small intestine to increase surface area