Pelvic Limb

Question 1

Hip extendors

Answer 1

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, superficial gluteal (contributes to extension but almost entirely adduction/abduction plane of fiber direction), middle gluteal, deep gluteal

Question 2

biceps femoris

Answer 2

Origin- Ischiatic tuberosity and sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion- tibial tuberosity and tuber calcanei distally into broad fascial sleeve on lateral side of thigh; and on stifle aspect of fascia lata; crural fascial to patella and patellar ligament, (to cr border tibia), crural fascia on cd part of limb ( attaches to tibia body via this)
Innervation- Sciatic nerve
Action- Hip Extendor, stifle flexion, stifle extension, tarsal extension

Question 3

Semitendinosus

Answer 3

Origin- Ischiatic tuberosity
Insertion- distally to proximal medial surface of tibia and to tubercalcanei via crural fascia
Innervation- sciatic nerve
Action- Hip Extendor, stifle flexion, tarsal extension

Question 4

Semimembranosis

Answer 4

Origin- Ischiatic tuberosity
Insertion- Distal medial lip of caudal rough surface of femur and medial condyle of tibia (cd aspect proximal end of tibia)
Innervation- Sciatic nerve
Action- Hip Extendor, stifle flexion (1st muscle belly= flexor= attaches to cd aspect proximal end of tibia crossing flexor surface), stifle extension (2nd muscle belly= attaches to distal and medial aspect of femur via tendon)

Question 5

Superficial gluteal

Answer 5

Origin- Sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion- 3rd trochanter of the femur
Innervation- cd gluteal nerve
Action- Contributes to extension, abductor (primary)

Question 6

Middle Gluteal

Answer 6

Origin- large portion on lateral and dorsal surface of the ilium
Insertion- greater trochanter of the femur (cd to the axis or rotation of the hip jt)
Innervaiton- cranial gluteal nerve
Action- hip extensor, during extension abduct and rotate pelvic limb medially

Question 7

Deep Gluteal

Answer 7

Origin- body of ilium cd to middle gluteal
Insertion- cranial aspect of greater trochanter (cd to axis of rotation of the hip)
Action- hip extensor during extension abduct hip and rotate pelvic limb medially
Innervation- cranial gluteal nerve

Question 8

Iliopsoas

Answer 8

Origin- ventral lumbar vertebrae and ileum
Insertion- lesser trochanter of femur
Action- MAIN hip flexor; flexor of vertebral column
Innervation- ventral branches of lumbar spinal nerves and femoral nerve
Union of poses major and iliac muscles
** ONLY EXTRINSIC MUSCLE OF PELVIC LIMB*

Question 9

femoral triangle boundaries

Answer 9

satoris (cr), pectinous and gracilis (cd)

Question 10

Hind Limb abduction

Answer 10

Primary- superficial gluteal

Secondary- deep and middle gluteal

Question 11

Hind limb adduction

Answer 11

Primary- Gracilis, pectinous, adductor muscle

Secondary- Sartorius

Question 12

Sartorious muscle

Answer 12

Origin- cranial border of ilium
Insertion- Tibia
Action- Hip flexion (primary), Hip adduction (secondary), cr belly stifle extensor, cd belly stifle flexor
Innervation- Femoral nerve

Question 13

Gracilis

Answer 13

Origin- Pelvic symphysis via symphysial tendon
Insertion- cr border of tibia, tubercalcenei
Action- Adduction of hip, stifle flexion, tarsal extension
Innervation- obturator nerve

Question 14

Pectineus

Answer 14

Origin- Iliopubic eminence
Insertion- caudal medial surface distal end of femur via long tendon
Action- Adductor of hip
Innervation- Obturator nerve

Question 15

Adductor muscle

Answer 15

Origin- pelvic symphysis via symphysial tendon, and ventral surface ischium and pubis
Insertion- caudal aspect rough face of femur
Aciton- Adductor of hip
Innervation- Obturator nerve

Question 16

importance adduction

Answer 16

adductor gracilis and pectinous positioned to keep limb close to body and counter act potential abduction by gluteal muscles during hip extension

Question 17

lateral rotation of hind limb

Answer 17

Exteneral obturator, internal obturator, gemelli, quadratus femoris
Lateral rotation is to counteract medial rotation of limb by gluteal muscles during limb extension

Question 18

Internal obturator

Answer 18

Origin- symphysis pelvis, dorsal surface ischium and pubis
Insertion- trochanter fossa of femur
Innervation- sciatic nerve
Action- Lateral rotation of hind limb

Question 19

Gemelli

Answer 19

Origin- lateral surface of ischium cd to acetabulum ventral to lesser ischiatic notch
Insertion- trochanter fossa
Action- Lateral rotation of hind limb
Innervation- sciatic nerve

Question 20

Quadratus femoris

Answer 20

Origin- Ventral surface caudal part of ischium
Insertion- intertrochanteric crest
Aciton- lateral rotation of hind limb
Innervation- sciatic nerve

Question 21

External obturator

Answer 21

Origin- Ventral surface of pubis and ischium
Insertion- Trochanteric fossa
Action- lateral rotation of hind limb
Innervation- Obturator nerve

Question 22

Stifle flexion

Answer 22

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

Secondary- gracilis , cd border sartorius

Question 23

Stifle extension

Answer 23

Primary- Quadriceps femoris

Secondary- Tensor fascia latae, cr border sartorius, biceps femoris

Question 24

Tensor Fascia latae muscle

Answer 24

Origin- tubercoxae and adjacent part of ileum, aponeurosis of middle gluteal muscle
Insertion- lateral femoral fascia
Action- Flexion of hip, extension of stifle
Innervation- Cr gluteal nerve

Question 25

Quadricep femoris

Answer 25

4 heads- rectus femoris, vastus laterals, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius Origin- rectus femoris: ileum Vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius- proximal femur Insertion- tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament Inenrvation- Femoral nerve Action- Stifle extensor; rectus femoris can participate in hip flexion

Question 26

3 regions of pes

Answer 26

tarsus, metatarsus, digits

Question 27

flexion of tarsus

Answer 27

motion that decreases angle between tibia and distal surface of metatarsals

Question 28

Retinaculum

Answer 28

ct band around tendons to stabilize them

Question 29

Extension of tarsus

Answer 29

any muscle attaching to calcanea tendon participates in extending tarsus; biceps femoris, semitendinosis, gracilis, gastrocnemius, and superficial digital flexor

Question 30

Gastrocnemius

Answer 30

Origin- distal end of femur in association with 2 sesamoid bones Insertion- Proximal distal surface of tubercalceni Action- Extension of tarsus Innervation- Tibial nerve

Question 31

superficial digital flexor muscle and gastrocnemius

Answer 31

half twist before reaching tubercalcanei change position bc superficial digital flexor has to become superficial to gastrocnemius because it has more distal attachment

Question 32

Superficial digital flexor muscle

Answer 32

Origin- arises in common with lateral head of gastrocnemius (lateral super condylar tuberosity of femur) Insertion- tuber calcanei and bases fo middle phalanges (P2) of digits II, III, IV, V Action- Extension of tarsus, flexion of digits Innervation- Tibial nerve

Question 33

Flexion of the tarsus

Answer 33

Cranial tibial muscle, long digital extensor muscle, fibulas longus muscle (all 3 on cranial lateral surface of the tibia)

Question 34

Cranial tibial muscle

Answer 34

Origin- cranially on tibia (extensor groove and at adjacent articular margin of tibia, lateral edge of cranial tibial border) Insertion- plantar surface of metatarsals I and II Action- flexion of tarsus (its tendon crosses flexor surface of tarsus medially) Innervation- fibular nerve

Question 35

Long Digital Extensor

Answer 35

Origin- extensor fossa of femur Insertion- extensor process of distal phalanges of digits II, III, IV, V Action- Primary- Extension of digits; Secondary flexes tarsus Innervation- Fibular nerve

Question 36

Fibularis longus

Answer 36

Origin- proximal tibia and fibula Insertion- 4th tarsal bone, plantar aspect of base of metatarsals Action- Flexes tarsus; can cause plantar surface of pet to move laterally Innervation- fibular nerve

Question 37

Flexion of metatarsus

Answer 37

decrease in angle between phlanges on plantar surface of paw

Question 38

normal standing position of dog the metatarsus is

Answer 38

overextended

Question 39

Extension of digits

Answer 39

Long digital extensor

Question 40

Deep digital flexor

Answer 40

Origin- cranial aspect of proximal 2/3 of tibia and adjacent fibula (proximal 1/2) Insertion- 2 heads come together to form common tendon (DDFT) then distal to tarsus tendon divides into 4 individual tendons which attach on plantar aspect of distal phalanges (p3) of all 4 digits Action- digital flexor, tarsal extendor Innervation- tibial nerve

Question 41

DDFT and SDFT

Answer 41

DDF deep to SDF but inserts more distally on limb (P3 vs P2) to overcome blockade of SDF splits at level of metatarsal phalangeal jt and DDR passes through