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Block One > Development Of The Gut > Flashcards

Development Of The Gut Flashcards

1
Q

Gut is formed of

A

Endoderm (mucosa) and splanchnic mesoderm (lateral mesoderm: smooth muscle, connective tissue, serosa)

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2
Q

Gut endoderm parts

A

Gut endoderm separates from yolk sac endoderm during embryo folding; defined as foregut, midgut, hindgut

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3
Q

Foregut arterial supply

A

Celiac artery

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4
Q

Midgut arterial supply

A

Cranial mesentery artery

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5
Q

Hindgut arterial supply

A

Caudal mesentery artery

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6
Q

Foregut components

A

Stomach, cranial duodenum, and foregut diverticula (liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, ventral and dorsal pancreas)

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7
Q

Midgut components

A

Caudal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, right transverse colon

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8
Q

Hindgut

A

Left transverse-colon, descending colon, rectum, cranial anal canal

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9
Q

Gut suspension dorsal abdominal wall

A

Suspended within the coelom (peritoneal cavity) by the dorsal mesentery

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10
Q

Ventral mesentery attachment

A

Found only attached to the stomach (ventral mesogastrium)

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11
Q

Greater omentum

A

Forms when stomach rotates left and dorsal megogastrium grows

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12
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Ventral mesogastrium becomes lesser omentum, and connects stomach to liver and liver to body wall via falcifor ligament

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13
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Connects stomach to liver and liver to body wall

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14
Q

Omental bursa

A

Pouch/ fold formed by greater omentum; ventral side is superfical leaf (holds spleen); dorsal side is deep leaf (holds pancreas)

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15
Q

Midgut loop

A

Rotates 270 degrees counter clockwise from ventral vein about cranial mesenteric arterial axis

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16
Q

Most specialized part of the gut

A

Ascending colon and rumen are most specialized part of the gut modified in domestic species to accomidate specialized diet

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17
Q

Digestive enzymes in stomach come from what type of gland

A

Exocrine

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18
Q

Nutrient absorption digestive tract

A

Absorption takes place across the mucosal wall (villi) into associated capillary beds of the blood vascular system and into lymphatic system

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19
Q

Lymphatic system digestive system

A

Absorbs all dietary fats including fat-soluble vitamins via lacteals (lymphatic capillaries) located inside each intestinal villus

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20
Q

Tunics of gut tube

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscle, and serosa

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21
Q

Peritoneal organs serosa or adventitia

A

Serosa

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22
Q

Retroperitoneal organs serosa or adventitia

A

Adventitia

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23
Q

Main function of adventitia

A

Bind structures

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24
Q

Main function of serosa

A

Lubrication (reduce friction due to muscle movement)

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25
Q

Serous cavities

A

Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal

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26
Q

Organs with in a cavity serosa vs adventitia

A

Generally bounded by serosa

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27
Q

Organs bound to body wall

A

Generally covered by adventitia (more restricted in terms of movement)

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28
Q

Epithelial lining of alimentary canal

A

(Mucosa closest to lumen); includes specialization that increase absorptive area from folds in luminal wall to villi in mucosa and microvilli on the absorptive epithelial cells

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29
Q

Mesoderm gut

A

Mesoderm (derived from splanchnic mesoderm) forms the tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, tunica adventita/ serosa
(These make up muscle, connective tissue, vessels, mesenteries, and serosa)

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30
Q

Muscularis externa adventita or serosa

A

Serosa

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31
Q

Oral cavity, thoracic, esophagus, ascending colon, descending colon, and rectum adventita or serosa

A

Adventita

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32
Q

Embryonic gut

A

Composed of endoderm and mesoderm in tubular arrangement

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33
Q

Endoderm embryonic gut

A

Forms epithelial lining of gut (tunica mucosa) where villi form; exceptions: oral cavity and anus have epithelial lining derived from ectoderm

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34
Q

Embryonic gut tube formation

A

Forms during embryo folding bc embryo disc grows more rapidly than extraembryonic tissue with which embryo is continuous, disk buckles up while edges fold under; gut endoderm recruits adjacent splanchnic mesoderm to form rest of gut (smooth muscle, connective tissue ect)

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35
Q

Dorsal mesentery

A

As embryonic folding is completed a neck of splanchnic mesoderm remains; connects gut tube along entire axial length to dorsal portion of abdominal body wall; primitive gut tube is suspended within the coelom/ coelomic cavity from dorsal abdominal body wall by dorsal mesentery

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36
Q

Dorsal mesentery product of

A

Fusion of left and right splanchnic mesoderm layers and is therefore a double-layer mesoderm with one side derived from left side and one from right side

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37
Q

Formation of dorsal mesentery

A

Separates coelom into left and right cavity

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38
Q

Ventral mesentery

A

Only attaches stomach to ventral body wall

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39
Q

Peritoneal cavity comes from

A

Coelomic cavity, forming parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum which are continuous

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40
Q

Tube with in a tube body plan

A

Outer tube is ectodermal forms skin inner tube is endodermal forms gut; space between two tubes is filled mainly with lateral mesoderm

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41
Q

Somatopleure

A

Outer tube (body wall) formed from this (composed of somatic mesoderm external to coelom plus ectoderm); also origin of amnion and chorion

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42
Q

Splanchnopleure

A

Inner tube (gut) composed of splanchnic mesoderm internal to coelom plus endoderm; also origin of allantois and yolk sac

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43
Q

Parietal peritoneum mesoderm

A

Derived from somatic mesoderm will line body wall

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44
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Derived from splanchnic mesoderm, will line organ

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45
Q

Lateral mesoderm

A

Somatic and splanchnic mesoderm both derived from lateral mesoderm as are extraembryonic membranes

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46
Q

Foregut

A

Supplied by branches of celiac artery; abdominal esophagus, stomach, and cranial half of duodenum, liver, and pancreas (diverticula of foregut)

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47
Q

Midgut

A

Supplied by branches of cranial mesenteric artery; include caudal part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, right side of transverse colon

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48
Q

Hindgut

A

Supplied by branches of caudal mesenteric artery; left part of transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, and anal canal

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49
Q

Unpaired arteries in abdominal region

A

Off of the dorsal aorta 3 main unpaired arteries are celiac artery, cranial mesenteric artery, and caudal mesenteric artery

50
Q

Peritoneum histology

A

Consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelial cells called mesothelium and secretes lubricating fluid

51
Q

Peritoneal ligaments, mesenteries, and omertà

A

Serve as boundaries for disease processes and conduits for disease spread (flow of peritoneal fluid determines route of spread of intraperitoneal disease in abdominal cavity)

52
Q

Oxygen and nutrient supply to looping gut

A

Derived by vessels of dorsal mesentery (mesentery is the conduit for blood and lymphatic vascular channels as well as nerves)

53
Q

Transport of dietary fats

A

Lymphatic system in the gut is sole conduit for transport of dietary fats via lacteal capillaries within the villi
Lacteal capillaries within villi -> packaged into chylomicrons once reach villus-> transported to lacteals -> mesenteric lymphatics -> thoracic duct -> heart -> systemic circulation -> reach liver as chylomicron remnants via the hepatic artery

54
Q

Dorsal mesentery suspending stomach (during development)

A

Dorsal mesogastrium

55
Q

Dorsal messentery suspending duodenum during development

A

Mesoduodenum

56
Q

Dorsal mesentery suspending jejunum during development

A

Mesojejunum

57
Q

Dorsal mesentery suspending ileum during development

A

Mesoileum

58
Q

Dorsal mesentery suspending colon during development

A

Mesocolon

59
Q

Dorsal mesentery suspending rectum during development

A

Mesorectum

60
Q

Dorsal mesogastrium in development

A

Stomach rotates as it developed attached dorsal mesogastrium comes along for the ride and becomes drawn out caudally and folded on itself (at this stage it is the greater omentum)

61
Q

Omental bursa

A

Created by folding of stomach and formation of greater omentum this is the space between the superfical and deep leaves of greater omentum

62
Q

Walls of greater omentum

A

Greater omentum of dog turned caudally between viscera and abdominal floor; superfical leaf faces ventral side, deep leaf faces the dorsal side

63
Q

Epiploic foramen

A

Aka omental foramen; small opening through which cavity of omental bursa remains in open communication with major part of peritoneal cavity

64
Q

Ventral mesogastrium development

A

Growth of liver divides ventral mesogastrium into two parts, lesser omentum and falciform ligament

65
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Part of ventral mesogastrium immediately between the stomach and the liver; connects stomach to liver

66
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Part of ventral mesogastrium between liver and ventral abdominal body wall (connects liver to abdominal floor)

67
Q

Stomach attachment and location

A

Stomach always on left side; cranial attachment to esophagus at cardia inflow; caudal attachment to duodenum at pyloric sphincter; suspended dorsally by dorsal mesogastrium (becomes greater omentum); suspended ventrally by ventral mesogastrium (becomes lesser omentum and falciform ligament)

68
Q

Greater curvature and lesser curvature of stomach

A

Dorsal wall grows much faster than ventral wall of the stomach results in greater curvature of initially dorsal side and lesser curvature on the ventral side

69
Q

Fundus

A

Forms because of differential growth leading to formation of greater and lesser curvature

70
Q

Stomach rotations

A

First rotation rotates 90 degrees to left, carries dorsal aspect left (greater curvature always rotates to left side); second rotation 90 degrees caudally (carries greater curvature to caudal position and original ventral margin the lesser curvature is now oriented cranially)
(Lesser curvature faces up and greater curvature faces down)

71
Q

Inflow and outflow stomach

A

Inflow is on the left and dorsal outflow is on the right and mid-ventral

72
Q

Greater omentum

A

Rotations of stomach take dorsal mesogastrium along with them and it rotates and becomes drawn out caudally and folded on itself and dorsal mesogastrium is now greater omentum

73
Q

Greater omentum in adult dog

A

Huge surface area and lace-like (fat deposits) first structure to appear when abdominal wall is opened in adult along ventral midline

74
Q

Greater omentum extends caudally

A

Forms a pocket (omental bursa), ventral side (superfical leaf; holds spleen), dorsal side (deep leaf; holds pancreas)

75
Q

Pneumogastrogram

A

Radiograph of airfilled stomach

76
Q

Primary midgut loop

A

Size of developing gut exceeds capacity of embryonic body cavity primary midgut loop forced ventrally into umbilicus (in mammals yolk sac in birds) and forms physiological hernia

77
Q

Cranial mesenteric artery during rotation of midgut

A

Primary midgut loop forms physiological hernia, midgut loop remains attached to dorsal abdominal wall by dorsal mesentery, cranial mesenteric artery courses ventrally through this dorsal mesentery

78
Q

Cranial half of midgut loop

A

Will form small intestine (distal part of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

79
Q

Caudal half of midgut loop

A

Will form terminal ileum, cecum, ascending and right side of transverse colon; with rotation cranial half of loop will shift caudally and caudal half of loop will shift cranially

80
Q

Conserved 90 degree counterclockwise rotation in midgut rotation

A

This comes after primary midgut loop formation; initiates midgut rotation and brings caudal half of loop cranially on the left side of the cranial mesenteric artery with cranial part on right

81
Q

Second rotation of midgut

A

180 degrees follows subsequent retraction of gut into body cavity

82
Q

Additional loops of midgut

A

Additional loops are formed along original cranial half of midgut loop as small intestine elongates to further acomidate efficient packing; original cranial half of the loop forms the small intestine; caudal half forms the ascending transverse colon

83
Q

First 90 degree rotation direction

A

Direction of this is critical for proper positioning of the small intestine with respect to the large intestine and for all other aspects of asymmetrical visceral placement

84
Q

Direction of first 90 degree rotation of midgut directed by

A

Left right asymmetries in dorsal mesentery (left side of dorsal mesentery shortens while right side lengthens); serves as directional bias for subsequent counterclockwise corkscrewing of gut as it herniated

85
Q

Midgut volvulus or gastric dilation volvulus

A

Arise due to malrotaiton of the gut tube

86
Q

Hepatic portal circulation

A

Drains the gut

87
Q

Lympattic vasculature

A

Transport all dietary fat

88
Q

Liver development

A

Endodermal diverticulum (hepatic diverticulum); forms at junction of hindgut and midgut; diverticulum = outpocketin of a structure; divided into two branches cranial branch and caudal branch; major stem of liver diverticulum is bile duct

89
Q

Cranial branch of hepatic diverticulum

A

Forms liver and hepatic ducts of the liver (transport bile from the liver)

90
Q

Caudal branch of hepatic diverticulum

A

Forms gallbladder, cystic duct of gallbladder (transports bile) and ventral pancreas

91
Q

Bile duct

A

Major stem of liver diverticulum where cystic duct and hepatic ducts meet; joins liver with duodenum and carries hepatic bile;

92
Q

Path of bile

A

Liver -> hepatic ducts -> cystic duct -> bile duct -> duodenum,

93
Q

Hepatic cords

A

Cranial branch of hepatic diverticulum extend finger like processes into splanchnic mesoderm of adjacent septum transversum the fingers are a result of repetiative branching and represent hepatic cords that later form bile canaliculi

94
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Endodermal cells that line canaliculi differentiate as hepatocyte (epithelial cells)

95
Q

Hepatic sinusoids

A

As more vessels pass through liver hepatic cords break venous blood vessels into smaller hepatic sinusoids (endothelial cells, similar to blood capillaries)

96
Q

Site of bile duct

A

Initially ventral diverticulum but entery into duodenum shifts to dorsal site slightly caudal to pyloris of the stomach bc stomach rotation

97
Q

Gall bladder development

A

Diverticulum from liver hepatic diverticulum remains attached via cystic duct (no gall bladder in horse)

98
Q

Attenuation of connection between liver and stomach

A

Forms lesser omentum (ventral mesogastrium)

99
Q

Attenuation of the connection between the liver and ventral abdominal wall

A

Forms falciform ligament (remnant of umbilical vein)

100
Q

Pancreas development

A

Arises from same portion of foregut as liver; two primordial form but eventually fuse (dorsal pancreatic diverticulum and ventral pancreatic diverticulum)

101
Q

Dorsal pancreatic diverticulum

A

Arises from dorsal margin of duodenum close to pylorus and developers along greater curvature of stomach; “left lobe” of pancreas in an adult, head and body of pancreas

102
Q

Ventral pancreatic diverticulum

A

Comes from base of liver hepatic diverticulum

103
Q

Bile duct during stomach rotation

A

Shifts dorsally as does ventral pancrease

104
Q

Major duodenal papilla

A

Ventral and dorsal pancrease fuse and ventral pancreatic duct remains primary exocrine drainage for pancrease and enters duodenum at major duodenal papilla adjacent to bile ducts

105
Q

Synthesis and secretion of the digestive enzymes in pancrease

A

Occurs within acini at end of each ductule

106
Q

Endocrine function in pancrease

A

Endocrine function occurs in islets of langerhans (glucagon an dinsulin)

107
Q

Blood supply to liver and pancrease

A

Achieved via celiac artery bc both derived from foregut

108
Q

Modifications of the gut for specialized diets

A
  • increase length of gut (ascending colon and cecum) (hind gut fermenters)
  • modification of the stomach (foregut, rumen) (forgut fermenters)
109
Q

Ascending colon

A

Most specialized part of intestinal tract; in hind gut fermenters ascending colon and cecum represent fermentation chambers

110
Q

Ascending colon dog

A

Does not undergo additional rotations, remains as a straight tube within the right dorsal part of abdominal cavity

111
Q

Ascending colon horses

A

Forms dorsal and ventral (left right) colon separated by flexure and enlarged cecum

112
Q

Sternal flexure

A

Separates ventral right from ventral left segment of colon in horse

113
Q

Pelvic flexure

A

Separates ventral left from dorsal left portions of colon in horse

114
Q

Diaphragmatic flexure

A

Separates dorsal left and dorsal right colon in horses

115
Q

Abdominal topography of horse

A

Dominated by large intestine

116
Q

Ascending colon in cows

A

Forms double spiral

117
Q

Abdominal topography of the cow

A

Dominated by rumen

118
Q

Ascending colon in pigs

A

Forms spiraling conical set of loops: spins in and down then up and out

119
Q

Cow stomach

A

Enormous stomach, fills left half and some of right half of abdominal cavity; large chamber is the rumen, dedicated to storing gas and mixing with symbiotic bacteria; opens into reticulum (highly folded inner walls); cow regurgitates cud swallows to third chamber omasum (water is withdrawn for recycling) cud then enters true stomach (abomasum) where chemical digetion begins

120
Q

Bovine calf digestion

A

Functionally mongastric animal milk bypassses rumen, reticulum, and omasum and goes directly to abomasum; rumen development commences on forage feed

121
Q

Mesenteries in ruminants

A

Assume farmiliar topography as greater and lesser omenta

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