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Block One > The Peripheral NS: Multiple Levels Of Organization > Flashcards

The Peripheral NS: Multiple Levels Of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system, brain and spinal chord, brain can be divided into brain stem, with which cranial nerves other than CN1 are associated, cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum

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2
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system, neurons or parts of neurons that exist outside CNS and connect CNS to other tissues of body. Includes Craninal nerves, spinal nerves, sympathetic trunk, ganglia and peripheral nerves

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3
Q

Parts of neurons

A

Neural cell body, axon, dendrite

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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Visceral motor components PNS, controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Has parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

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5
Q

Parasympathetic division ANS

A

Deals with vegetative functions and mechanisms that maintain tissue health and or build internal resources. Parasympathetic functions are typically active in animal at rest such as digestion, glycogen synthesis and storage in liver, slowing heart rate, reducing blood pressure, tearing, salivation, constricting pupils.
Parasympathetic pathways originate from brainstem and sacral spinal cord segments

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6
Q

Sympathetic division of ANS

A

Prepares individual to deal with threatening/ stressful situations (fight of flight)
Increases heart rate, dilates pupils, relaxes airway smooth muscle -> dilation of airway, mobilizes glucose and fat energy stores.
Sympathetic pathways originate from thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments
Works with PNS to maintain homeostasis

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7
Q

Enteric Nervous system

A

Sensory, motor, and secretory neurons located in GI tract. Can function independently to control gut motility but receives input from sympathetic and parasympathetic system to help regulat gut function

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8
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axons with surrounding connective tissue and blood vessels traveling the PNS. Nerve DOES NOT contain neuron cell bodies, nerve is NOT axon it is gross anatomical structure made of microscopic axons and connective tissue

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9
Q

Nerve fiber

A

Can be used to refer to a single axon with in a gross nerve

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10
Q

Ganglion

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies in CNS

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12
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory pathway or neuron that carries info to CNS

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13
Q

Efferent

A

Sensory pathway or neuron carrying info away from CNS (to control muscles and glands)

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14
Q

Somatic

A

Refers to skeletal muscles, bones, joints, and skin

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15
Q

Visceral

A

Refers to internal organs, blood vessels, glandular tissue

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16
Q

Nervous system function

A

To provide communication between tissues and integrate and process info from environment and body. Recieves sensory (afferent) info from external and internal environment, processes info and generates appropriate motor response. Information picked up by sensory systems carried via nerves to CNS processed then motor command carried from CNS to effector tissue (muscles and glands) via nerves.

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17
Q

CNS can influence

A

Movement, behavior, physiological processes by regulating levels of circulating hormones

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18
Q

Functional tissues of nervous system

A

Neurons and glial cells
CNS- organized into grey and white matter
PSN- organized into ganglia and nerves
Grey matter and ganglia- contain neuron cell bodies and supporting glial cells
White matter and nerves- contain axons, supporting glial cells, and in nerve’s case connective tissue

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19
Q

Neurons

A

Detect broad range of info about animals external and internal environment, integrate and process info via network of interconnected neurons and communicate with other body tissues to control movement and physiological function

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20
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Detect mechanical, chemical, and thermal changes in tissues or receptor organs they innervation, information will then travel to CNS via nerves where it is processed by network interconnected neurons

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21
Q

Motor neurons

A

Generate desired response via peripheral nerves and neurons releasing hormones into circulation based on information picked up by sensory neurons

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22
Q

Parts of a neuron

A

Dendrites, axons, axon terminals

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23
Q

Dendrites

A

Detect and recieve information from other neurons and gap junctions, specialized sensory receptors, chemical composition of extracelluar fluid, and via direct mechanical stimulation

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24
Q

The Axon

A

Carries electrical signal called action potential over some distance, many are covered by myelin sheath to speed up conduction fo action potential. When nearing target tissue can split into branches or synapse with multiple target cells

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25
Q

Axon terminals

A

At end of axon branches, may form close contacts with other cells, these contacts are called synapses
Some axon terminals release neurotransmitters into circulation or into extracelluar space of tissues for more generalized effect

26
Q

Categories of neurons

A

Divided based on number of processes extending from cell body:
Multipolar, pseudounipolar, bipolar
Divided based on function:
Sensory, motor, interneurons

27
Q

Chemical synapses

A

Occur at regions of close contact between axon terminal and another neuron or effector cell (muscle or gland), permits rapid communication between cells
Action potential will reach synaptic terminal and synaptic vesicles within terminal will fuse with presynaptic membrane, neurotransmitter stored within synaptic vesicles released into synaptic cleft where it can bind to receptors on post synaptic membrane. These receptors will bind directly or indirectlyy to influence the flow of ions through post synaptic membrane. This binding leads to alteration of membrane potential of post synaptic cell leading to synaptic potential and potentially leading to action potential, muscle contraction, cellular secretion etc.

28
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Also known as afferent neurons. Detect and/or convey mechanical, chemical, and thermal changes in tissue or receptor organs they innervation.
Types include somatic and visceral afferent neurons and special sensory afferent neurons (vision, hearing, vestibular, taste and smell)

29
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Psuedounipolar neurons that carry sensory info from visceral or somatic tissues to CNS.
Dendrites- located in peripheral tissues and viscera
Axon- Peripheral process of neuron travels from innervated tissue to dorsal root or cranial ganglion via peripheral nerves, The peripheral process functions as axon
Cell Body- located in dorsal root ganglion or cranial nerve ganglion, peripheral location allows action potential to travel along axon without having to pass through cell body
Central process- also functions as axon, enters CNS and synapses on neurons involved in processing sensory information

30
Q

Nociceptors

A

Neurons that convey sensory information regarding tissue damage or potential for damage
Can be experienced as pain or trigger reflex of withdrawal
Dendrites- exist as free nerve endings in tissues such as skin and viscera and are stimulated by intense deformation or damage, and by chemical mediation’s released by damaged cells

31
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Detect tactile pressure and vibration type stimuli; ex Pacinian corpuscles found in skin and viscera, specialized connective tissue encapsulation of neruron endings allows neurons to detect subtitle differences in quality of different timelines
Baroreceptors- in aortic arch and other blood vessels detect stretch in vessel wall which is related to blood pressure

32
Q

Proprioreceptors

A

Detect stimuli related to body movement or position
Ex muscle spindles, convey info about muscle fiber length via intrafusal muscle fiber that has free nerve ending spiraled around it when muscle is stretched it deforms the spiral which opens ion channels -> membrane potential

33
Q

Special sensory afferent neurons

A

Most are bipolar
Dendrites may be associated with specialized receptor cells (auditory and vestibular system)
Afferent neuron itself may function as the receptor (Olfactory system)
Cell body- may be in a ganglion or within receptor tissue
Axons- join or corm cranial nerves to travel to brain

34
Q

Interneurons

A

Reside in CNS, some are located peripherally in ganglia and in viscera, connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) neurons
Multipolar (recieve and integrate inputs from up to a thousand neurons and convey output to other neurons); can have excitatory or inhibitory effect on other neurons
Axons- may synapse on near by neurons or project long distances between regions of CNS

35
Q

Motor neurons

A

Aka efferent neurons, project to peripheral tissues and produce response in those tissues
Include somatic and visceral efferent neurons
Neurosecretory neurons- provide another form of output from CNS

36
Q

Somatic Motor Neurons

A

Large, multipolar neurons, “Lower motor neurons” (neurons in CNS are upper motor neurons)
UMNs carry motor commands from brain to LMN in spinal chord or brainstem, UMN do not leave CNS or shynapse directly onto muscle
Heavily myelinated and big to maximize speed of transmission
Cell body and dendrites- located in CNS in ventral horn of spinal chord or in cranial nerve nuclei in brain stem, recieve input from UMN for voluntary movement and other movement requiring control from brain, and somatic afferents and local reflex circuits
Axon- leave CNS via ventral root or a cranial nerve and projects via spinal nerves and more peripheral nerves or via cranial nerves to innervation skeletal muscle

37
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse formed with skeletal muscle fiber

38
Q

Somatic Motor Neuron cell body and axon location

A

Cell body and dendrites are located in CNS in the ventral horn of spinal chord or in cranial nerve nuclei of brain stem
Axon- leaves CNS via ventral root or cranial nerve and projects via spinal nerves and more peripheral nerves or via cranial nerves to innervation skeletal muscle

39
Q

Visceral motor neurons

A

Multipolar
1st cell body (and dendrites) located in CNS
Sympathetic NS- preganglionic neuron cell body located in lateral horn thoracolumbar spinal chord (T1-L4)
Parasympathetic NS- preganglionic cell body located in brain stem or sacral spinal chord (S1-S3)
Synapse on neuron 2 in peripheral ganglion can be focused and specific or can be neurotransmitter release to neutropil to affect neurons diffuse lay
2nd cell body (and dendrites)- located in peripheral ganglion
Multipolar neurons
Autonomic synapse- may be no defined synapses are target smooth muscles so neurotransmitter is released and diffuses and acts on smooth muscle in vicinity this leads to slower neurotransmitter effect on ANS; autonomic efferent neurons can form synapse with cells of glands

40
Q

Neurosecretory neurons

A

Contribute to output of nervous system
Axon projects to capillary beds where substances can be released from axon terminals and enter blood stream to affect distant organs

41
Q

Spinal chord neural organization

A

Grey matter: contains neuron cell bodies, shaped like H

  • Dorsal Horn- contains neurons involved in sensory processing
  • Ventral Horn- Contains motor neurons involved in somatic motor system which controls skeletal muscle
  • Intermediate grey- grey matter between dorsal and ventral horn
  • Lateral horn- part of intermediate grey, contains motor neurons of sympathetic division of ANS, only present in spinal chord segments T1-L4
42
Q

White Matter

A

Surrounds grey matter in spinal chord, contains axons traveling into and out of spinal cord and cranially and caudally with in spinal cord

43
Q

Spinal cord segments

A

36 in dogs and cats, every segment gives rise to pair of spinal nerves
C8T13S3Cd5

44
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Attach to spinal cord via dorsal and ventral roots
Dorsal roots- contain sensory axons traveling to spinal cord, cell bodies for these axons in dorsal root ganglia
Ventral roots- contain motor axons leaving spinal cord, cell bodies are located in ventral and lateral horn of spinal cord
Spinal nerves exit vertebral canal via intervertebral foramina

45
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

Spinal nerves exit vertebral canal via intervertebral foramina between successive vertebrea
3 main branches- dorsal branch, ventral branch, communicating branch

46
Q

Dorsal branch

A

One of 3 branches of intervertebral foramina; supplies motor and sensory innervation to epaxial muscles and dorsal body wall

47
Q

Ventral branch

A

One of 3 branches of intervertebral foramina Supplies motor and sensory innervation to hypaxial muscles and lateral and ventral body wall

48
Q

Communicating branch

A

AKA ramus communicans this is one of 3 branches of intervertebral foramina, connects spinal nerve to sympathetic trunk (or vertebral nerve in neck)

49
Q

Spinal nerve roots vs branches

A

Roots connect spinal nerves to spinal cord via dorsal and ventral roots (dorsal sensory, ventral motor), branches are where spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal via intervertebral foramina between successive vertebrea (dorsal branch, ventral branch, communicating branch) (dorsal epaxial muscles and dorsal body wall, ventral hypaxial muscles and ventral and lateral body wall, communicating spinal nerve connection to sympathetic trunk or vertebral nerve in neck)

50
Q

Innervation patterns for limbs and viscera

A

Segmental organization is less apparent than in these innervation patterns. Brachial and lumbosacral plexuses consist of intermingling axons from multiple spinal nerves

51
Q

Vertebral column

A

Bony structure made up of articulated vertebrae

52
Q

Vertebrae structure

A

Have a body and an arch, arch is composed of 2 Pericles and 2 laminae which fuse dorsally; body and arch enclose to form vertebral foramen (opening)

53
Q

Vertebral canal

A

This is where spinal cord resides, formed by sum of vertebral foramina in an articulated vertebral column. On other side intervertebral foramen permits passage of spinal nerve and segmental spinal artery and vein

54
Q

Vertebrae categories

A

C- cervical
T- Thoracic
L- Lumbar
S- Sacral
Cd- Caudal
Vertebral formula (dog/cat)- C7T13L7S3Cd~20
Spinal cord segments (dog/cat)- C8T13L7S3Cd5

55
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

Spinal nerves exit vertebral canal via these; 8 cervicle spinal cord segments but only 7 cervical vertebrea therefore
Spinal nerve C1 enters via a foramen in cranial part of atlas, Spinal nerves C2-C7 exit via IVF cranial to the nominally corresponding vertebrea (ie spinal nerve C2 exits crainial to vetebra C2)
Spinal nerve C8 exits via IVF crainial to vertebra T1
Spinal nerves T1-Cd5 exit IVF caudal to nominally corresponding vertebrea (spinal nerve T12 exits via IVF caudal to vertebra T12)

56
Q

Sympathetic trunk

A

Runs longitudinally along ventrolateral aspect of vertebral bodies, consists of axons and segmental ganglia associated with each spinal nerve from T1->Caudal spinal nerves (ie to the tail) Crainially continues as sympathetic trunk component of vagosympathetic trunk
Sympathetic trunk is bilateral

57
Q

Ansa subclavia

A

Near thoracic inlet axons within sympathetic trunk divide to form loop around subclavian artery called ansa subclavia

58
Q

Motor neurons in visceral tissues name

A

Called visceral efferent

59
Q

Visceral efferent pathways

A

Consists of a series of 2 VE neurons
Neuron 1- Preganglionic neuron has cell body in CNS
Neuron 2- Postganglionic neuron has cell body in autonomic ganglia in PNS

60
Q

Sympathetic pathway generalizations

A

Sympathetic division ANS originates from VE neurons, cell bodies in lateral horn spinal cord grey matter in T1-L4 spinal cord (guesstimate which segment neuron is located in based on position in body)
Axons of neuron 1 exit spinal cord via ventral root and travel to spinal nerve into communicating branch to sympathetic trunk. Axon of neuron 1 then follows nerve roads to neuron 2 (sympathetic trunk and ganglia, vertebral nerve, abdominal sympathetic ganglia, splanchic nerves, hypogastric nerves, pelvic ganglia)
Cell body of neuron 2 (postganglionic neuron) will usually be located in the sympathetic ganglion closest to target organ (ie sympathetic trunk ganglia, abdominal sympathetic ganglion, pelvic ganglion); axon of neuron 2 reaches target organ by following nerves and blood vessels to organ or coursing directly to target organ

61
Q

Cardiac nerves

A

Axons forge their own path from middle cervicle ganglion to heart as cardiac nerves

Block One (31 decks)

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