Dissection VII Upper Airways: Nasal Passages, Pharynx, And Larynx

Question 1

Larynx

Answer 1

1. Several sets of cartiledges
2. A set of mucosal folds
3. A set of muscles
4. Several ligaments

Question 2

Laryngeal cartiledges

Answer 2

A. Basilhyoid bone
B.  Epiglotic cartilage
C.  Thyroid Cartilage
D. Arytenoid cartilage
E. Cricoid cartilage

Question 3

Arytenoid cartilage

Answer 3

Vocal process
Muscular process
Corniculate process
Cuneiform process

Question 4

Muscular process of the arytenoid

Answer 4

3/4 of the intrinsic muscles of larynx attach to this process

Question 5

Movements of arytenoid cartileges

Answer 5

Translated into movements of the vocal folds and hence into movements resulting in changes of size and shape of the airway

Question 6

Mucosal folds larynx

Answer 6

Vestibular fold, vocal fold, laryngeal ventricle

Question 7

What is relationship between the vocal folds and the muscular process of the arytenoid?

Answer 7

Each vocal fold is covered externally by a mucous membrane and contains the thyroarytenoideus muscle and most crainially an elastic ligament

Question 8

Palatoglossal arches

Answer 8

Define the rostral boarder for the oropharynx

Question 9

If you put tension on the soft palate and retract it dorsally you put tension on the

Answer 9

Palatoglossal arches

Question 10

If you put tension on the soft palate and retract it medially you put tension on the

Answer 10

Palatopharyngeal arches

Question 11

Palatopharyngeal arches

Answer 11

Define caudal boarder of the oropharynx

Question 12

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

Answer 12

Have both attachments on laryngeal cartilages and act to move these cartileges relative to each other and in doing so they move the vocal folds and change size and shape of air passage
They are named for their two attachments
Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
Cricoarytenoideus lateralis
Cricothyroid
Thyroarytenoideus

Question 13

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles

Answer 13

Arch over laryngeopharynx and meet partners at midline raphe, play a role in swallowing
Hyopharyngeus
Thyropharyngeus
Cricopharyngeus

Question 14

Vocal folds

Answer 14

Prominent set of mucosal folds which form a v shape on the ventricular floor of the larynx

Question 15

Laryngeal ventricle

Answer 15

Space projecting laterally just rostral to the vocal fold

Question 16

Vestibular fold

Answer 16

Rostral border of the laryngeal ventricle; not prominent fold but anatomical landmark for rostral boarder of laryngeal ventrical

Question 17

Rostral

Answer 17

Toward the nose

Question 18

Bovine larynx vs equine larynx

Answer 18

Bovine larynx will not have a laryngeal ventrical and therefore will not have a vestibular fold

Question 19

Laryngeal muscle naming

Answer 19

Named for attachments caudal to cranial

Question 20

Abduction/ addition of vocal folds

Answer 20

Movement medial/ lateral plane resulting in widening or narrowing of the glottis

Question 21

Tensing/ relaxing of the vocal fold

Answer 21

Movements in the dorsal/ ventral plane important in phonation

Question 22

Abduction

Answer 22

Movement outward

Question 23

Adduction

Answer 23

Movement inward

Question 24

Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

Answer 24

Abduction of vocal fold

Question 25

Cricoarytenoideus lateralis

Answer 25

Adduction of vocal fold

Question 26

Cricothyroid muscle

Answer 26

Tensing the vocal fold

Question 27

Thyroarytenoideus

Answer 27

Relaxing vocal fold

Question 28

Cricothyroid ligament

Answer 28

Attaches to crainial aspect of cricoid cartilage and caudal aspect of thyroid cartilage; long ligament in horses, can be cut to provide access to laryngeal lumen

Question 29

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles and hyoid muscles

Answer 29

``` One attachment on laryngeal cartilage or hyoid bone and one attachment somewhere extrinsic to the larynx; these stabilize the larynx; named by attachments Sternohyoideus Sternothyroideus Thyrohyoideus Mylohyoideus Geniohyoideus ```

Question 30

Nasal conchae

Answer 30

Curled bone shelves that protrude into nasal passages; covered by extensive highly vascularized mucus membranes

Question 31

Cribriform plate

Answer 31

This is off of ethmoyd bone, off of this a bony cavity called the ethmoidal labyrinth

Question 32

Olfactory nerve

Answer 32

Cranial nerve 1; consists of axons present in olfactory epithelium of caudal nasal muscosa that pass through the foramina of cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb

Question 33

Meatus

Answer 33

The air passageway between the two conchae

Question 34

Auditory tubes

Answer 34

Have pharyngeal openings of these on the lateral walls of nasopharynx; these are connection between nasopharynx and inner ear cavity

Question 35

Path of air external nares to trachea

Answer 35

External nares -> nasal conchae -> ethmoidal labrynth ->meatus -> nasopharynx -> rostral extent of laryngopharynx ->epiglottis and glottis -> lumen of larynx -> lumen of trachea

Question 36

Pathway of air oral cavity to trachea

Answer 36

Oral cavity -> oropharynx -> rostral part of laryngopharynx -> glottis -> lumen of larynx -> trachea

Question 37

Palatine tonsil

Answer 37

In lateral wall of oropharynx; this is lymphatic tissue that functions as line of defense against pathogens that gain entry through nasal and oral cavities

Question 38

Cranial laryngeal artery

Answer 38

Branch of common carotid artery; found at cranial extend of thyroid cartilege

Question 39

Cranial laryngeal nerve

Answer 39

Accompanies cranial laryngeal artery; this provides sensory innervation to the laryngeal mucosa and motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle

Question 40

Path of blood from left ventricle to larynx

Answer 40

Left ventricle -> aorta -> aortic arch-> brachiocephalic trunk -> L or R common carotid artery -> cranial laryngeal artery -> external jugular vein -> brachiocephalic vein -> cranial vena cava -> R atrium -> R ventricle -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atria -> left ventricle

Question 41

Parasympathetic control of heart and bronchi

Answer 41

Vagus nerve

Question 42

Skeletal muscle of the larynx

Answer 42

Recieves somatic motor innervation from branches of the vagus nerve (can be controlled voluntarily for vocalization or in coordination with skeletal pharyngeal muscles by reflexes associated with coughing, gagging and swallowing)

Question 43

Vagus nerve exit from the skull

Answer 43

Jugular foramen (within cranial cavity) and tympano-occipital fissure (on the outer surface of the skull)

Question 44

Longus capitus muscle

Answer 44

Attaches roughened surface medial to tympani-occipital fissure and to ventral aspect of basiocciptal bone

Question 45

Two large ganglion just outside tympano-occipital fissure

Answer 45

Cranial cervical ganglion and distal ganglion of the vagus

Question 46

Distal ganglion of the vagus

Answer 46

Found just outside tympano-occipital fissure; contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons and is more distal (caudal) and dorsal of the two (other ganglia located just outside tympano-occipital fissure is cranial cervical)

Question 47

Cranial cervical ganglion

Answer 47

Located just outside of tympano-occipital fissure this is the most rostral and ventral of the two ganglia located there (the other is the distal ganglion of the vagus); this ganglia contains cell bodies of second motor neuron in sympathetic pathway to the eye

Question 48

Internal carotid artery neck location

Answer 48

It enters the tympano-occipital fissure

Question 49

Ganglion

Answer 49

Collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the CNS

Question 50

Lower motor neurons that provide ____ innervation to the larynx are located in the ___

Answer 50

Lower motor neurons that provide somatic innervation to the larynx are located in the brainstem

Question 51

Cranial laryngeal nerve

Answer 51

Supply’s sensory innervation to the entire laryngeal mucosa as well as motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle branch of vagus nerve

Question 52

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 52

Left goes around aorta and ligamentum arteriosum, right goes around subclavian which is why you get left side paralysis in horses; caudal laryngeal nerve from reccurent laryngeal nerve innervates three intrinsic muscles of the larynx (cricoarytenoideus doralis, cricoarytenoideus lateralis, thyroarytenoideus?); left recurrent laryngeal nerve passes between the arch of the aorta and the left tracheobronchial lymph node

Question 53

Longest peripheral nerve in long necked mammals

Answer 53

Left reccurent laryngeal nerve

Question 54

Cricothyroid muscle

Answer 54

Innervated by cranial laryngeal nerve; tenses vocal fold indirectly by drawing ventral parts of cricoid and thyroid cartilages together

Question 55

Cricoarytenoideus lateralis

Answer 55

Acts to close the glottis by pulling muscular process ventrally and moving vocal process medially

Question 56

Thyroarytenoideus

Answer 56

Parent muscle that gives rise to vocal muscle medially and ventricularis muscle rostral; function is to relax vocal fold and constrict glottis

Question 57

Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

Answer 57

Rotates arytenoid so that vocal process moves laterally opening the glottis