Imaging Neck Back and Tail

Question 1

types of vertebrea

Answer 1

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal

Question 2

typical vertebrae consists of

Answer 2

body, arch, various processes for muscular or articular connections

Question 3

vertebral formula for dog

Answer 3

C7, T13, L7, S3, Cd20

Question 4

how to id intervertebral disc space

Answer 4

if between c3 and c4 its c3-4

Question 5

vertebral body

Answer 5

located ventral to arch, has convex cranial extremity and centrally depressed caudal extremity

Question 6

vertebral body formation

Answer 6

3 ossification centers, 2 epiphyses and the body

Question 7

vertebral arch

Answer 7

consists of 2 pedicles and 2 laminae

Question 8

pedicles

Answer 8

form lateral sides of vertebral arch

Question 9

laminae

Answer 9

form dorsal roof of vertebral arch

Question 10

vertebral foramen

Answer 10

together with vertebral body vertebral arch forms this, all these together form vertebral canal which spinal cord passes through

Question 11

interarcuate space

Answer 11

space between vertebral arches; yellow ligament is located here dorsally

Question 12

intervertebral foramina

Answer 12

on each side of pedicle smooth notches form shallow cranial vertebral notch, deep caudal vertebral notch; together they form intervertebral foramina which spinal nerves arteries and veins all pass through

Question 13

spinous process

Answer 13

at midline on dorsal part of vertebral arch composed of right and left laminae uniting at midline

Question 14

transverse process

Answer 14

projects laterally from region where pedicle joins vertebral body

Question 15

articular processes

Answer 15

found at junction of pedicle and lamina; cranial articular process faces craniodorsally or medially; caudal articular process faces caudoventrally or laterally

Question 16

atlas

Answer 16

c1; no spinous process, shelf like transverse process called wings; dorsal surface of ventral arch of atlas contains fovea of dens; transverse foramen and lateral vertebral foramen both pass through atlas

Question 17

transverse foramen

Answer 17

short canal passes obliquely through transverse process (wing) of atlas for vertebral artery and vein

Question 18

lateral vertebral foramen

Answer 18

medial to transverse formamen; perforates craniodorsal part of dorsal arch of atlas for passage first cervical spinal nerve and vertebral artery

Question 19

alar notch

Answer 19

located on cranial border of base of transverse process for vertebral artery

Question 20

axis

Answer 20

c2; has sinus process that is blade like cranially and expanded caudally and cranioventral peg-like eminence called dens

Question 21

transverse foramina

Answer 21

c3,c4,c4,c6 have paired transverse foramina located laterally for passage of vertebral vessels and nerves; c7 does not have this

Question 22

c6

Answer 22

has expanded sagittal platelike transverse process called ventral lamina

Question 23

pedicles dv/vd projection

Answer 23

seen end on this view

Question 24

laminae lat projection

Answer 24

seen end on on this view

Question 25

costal fovea

Answer 25

for articulation with rib heads; goes as far caudally as T11

Question 26

transverse fovea

Answer 26

rib tubercle articulates with transverse fovea on transverse process

Question 27

anticlinal vertebrea

Answer 27

t11; transition segment of thoracolumbar region all cd to it are cranially all cranial to it are caudal

Question 28

mammillary processes

Answer 28

start at T2 or T3 continue as paired projections through remaining part thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal regions; small nob like projections that emirate dorsally from transverse processes at t11 become associated with cranial articular process and continue as laterally compressed tubercles through remaining vertebrea

Question 29

accessory processes

Answer 29

appear mid thoracic region, located on succeeding segments as far caudally as L5 or L6

Question 30

lumbar intervertebral foramina

Answer 30

horse head shaped

Question 31

lumbar vertebrae transverse processes

Answer 31

directed cranially and slightly ventrally

Question 32

accessory processes lumbar vertebrea

Answer 32

well developed on l3-l4 absent on l5 or l6

Question 33

sacrum

Answer 33

s1-s3 fused; bulk of 4 sided wedge shaped complex lies between ilia and articulates with them

Question 34

wing of sacrum

Answer 34

enlarged lateral part; has large rough auricular surface that articulates with ilium; articulations called SI joints

Question 35

median sacral crest

Answer 35

on dorsal surface of sacrum, fusion of three spinous processes

Question 36

pelvic surface of sacrum

Answer 36

ventrally concave

Question 37

base of sacrum

Answer 37

faces cranially

Question 38

sacral canal

Answer 38

coalescence of three vertebral foramina

Question 39

promontory

Answer 39

cranioventral part of base of sacrum has transverse ridge called promontory

Question 40

apex

Answer 40

caudal extremity of the sacrum

Question 41

pelvic inlet

Answer 41

promontory and ilia form this; this is dorsal boundary of smallest part of bony ring

Question 42

caudal vertebrea dogs

Answer 42

average is 20 but can range from 6-23

Question 43

hemal arches

Answer 43

3 separate bones that articulate with ventral surfaces of caudal ends of bodies of Cd4, Cd5, Cd6 vertebrae; slope caudally, shaped V or Y; protect median caudal artery

Question 44

alantoccipital and alantoaxial joints

Answer 44

share common joint cavity space

Question 45

alantoocciptal joint

Answer 45

formed by dorsolateral extend of occipital condyles and corresponding concave cranial-articular process of atlas; lets head nod yes

Question 46

atlantoaxial joint

Answer 46

lets head nod no; formed by articulation of atlas and axis; in normal dogs cr aspect of spinous process of axis is adjacent to or overlaps the dorsal arch of atlas and dens of axis should be roughly parallel to ventral arch of atlas and joint space should be represented by thin line

Question 47

articular-processes joints

Answer 47

these joints are located in pairs between articular processes of contiguous vertebrae; jt capsule largest in cervical and region and base of tail where greatest degree of movement occurs

Question 48

articular process joints of vertebrae cranial to t10

Answer 48

in a nearly dorsal plane; cranial articular processes face dorsally caudal articular processes face ventrally

Question 49

articular processes joints of vertebrae caudal to t10

Answer 49

cranial articular processes face medially and caudal articular processes face laterally

Question 50

articular processes joints in cervical region

Answer 50

mostly lateral to spinal cord

Question 51

articular process joints in thoracolumbar region

Answer 51

mostly dorsal to spinal cord

Question 52

costovertebreal joints

Answer 52

formed by articulation of capitulum of each rib with costal fovea on cr aspect of body of the vertebrae of same # rib and articulation of each tuberculum with a fovea on cd aspect of body of vertebrae cr to vertebrae of same number as rib

Question 53

intervertebreal disks

Answer 53

made of 3 components; cargilagionous endplate, nucleus pulpous, and annulus fibrosus

Question 54

nucleus pulposus

Answer 54

composed of water and proteoglycans; avascular

Question 55

annulus fibrous

Answer 55

inner part fibrocartilage; outer portion made up of 15-30 lamellae of collagen fibers; mostly avascular

Question 56

cartilaginous endplate

Answer 56

often called vertebral end plate, sometimes considered part of vertebrae not part of disc; composed of osseous and hyaline cartilage components; attached to vertebrae by Sharpey's fibers; HIGHLY VASCULAR

Question 57

no intervertebral disks

Answer 57

c1, c2, sacrum

Question 58

narrow intervertebral disks

Answer 58

c2-c3 and t10-t11 intervertebral disk spaces are normally slightly more narrow that other sites

Question 59

l7-s1

Answer 59

intervertebral disk space width and shape variable especially with tail position

Question 60

chondrodystrophia

Answer 60

disturbance in endochondral ossification

Question 61

epaxial muscles

Answer 61

innervated by dorsal branch of spinal nerves predominantly dorsal to vertebral comlumb

Question 62

hypaxial muscles

Answer 62

innervated by ventral branch of spinal nerves and predominantly located ventral to vertebral column; include vertebral muscles, diaphragm, abdominal muscles, and all limb muscles

Question 63

which ligamnt is pierced during spinal tap to collect cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 63

yellow ligament