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Block One > Blood As A Tissue > Flashcards

Blood As A Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells usually occurs in bone marrow, can also occur in spleen

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2
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Immature anucleared RBC, they are larger than and contain less hemoglobin than a mature RBC

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3
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin that has bound to O2

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4
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin that has bound to CO2

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5
Q

Granulocyte

A

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, contain large number of granules within cytoplasm

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6
Q

Band neutrophil

A

Hematopoietic stem cells -> band neutrophils -> neutrophils

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7
Q

Left shift

A

High number of immature neutrophils in the blood (usually bands) because increase release of immature neutrophils by bone marrow bc increased demand due to acute inflammatory disease

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8
Q

Innate immune response

A

No recognition of previous exposure to antigen needed. DO not have memory involved leukocytes like neutrophils, macrophages

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9
Q

Adaptive immune response

A

Stimulated by antigen presenting cells to lymphocytes (dendritic cells); dendritic cells are a derivative of a monocytes and are targeted against specific antigens “memory” leads to a quicker response after the second exposure to an antigen

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10
Q

Humoral immune response

A

B-lymphocytes mature to plasma cells and produce antibodies

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11
Q

Cell mediated immune response

A

T-lymphocytes regulatory effects, stimulating or surprising immune function and cytotoxic effects (killing tumor cells or virally infected cells)

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12
Q

Common injection/ blood draw sites

A

External Jugular vein, cephalic vein, saphenous vein

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13
Q

Red top tubes

A

Use for chemistry profile, no additives

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14
Q

Purple top tube

A

Use for CBC, includes anticoagulant EDTA

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15
Q

Green top tube

A

Contains heparin

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16
Q

Blue top tube

A

Use for coagulation tests

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17
Q

CBC

A

aka hemogram; Use purple top; measures blood cells and includes microscopic evaluation of blood smear (dried and stained)

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18
Q

Chemistry

A

Aka super chem; use red top; evaluates non-celluar components of blood can be performed on plasma or serum (can also be from green top tube)

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19
Q

How to measure hemoglobin

A

2 ways one use laser to detect hemoglobin in cells, second RBCs are lysed and hemoglobin is measured by chemical reaction

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20
Q

Components of blood

A

Composed of fluid phase and cell phase

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21
Q

Blood functions

A

Transportation (oxygen, co2, nutrients, waste, hormones), Immunity (flushing wound, carries WBC,, maintaining overall fluid level, helping to regulate body temperature

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22
Q

Plasma

A

Blood that has not clotted and therefore contains all of the proteins necessary for clotting (purple top or green will have anticoagulant)

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23
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Coagulation protein in highest concentration in blood

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24
Q

Serum

A

Fluid collected from blood that has been allowed to clot (does not have clotting factors in it) (red top)

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25
Q

Hematocrit vs Pcv

A

Should be within 3% of each other

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26
Q

Small molecules in blood

A

Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate), minnerals (calcium, phosphate, magnesium), glucose ect

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27
Q

Proteins in blood

A

Classified as albumin and globulin

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28
Q

Albumin

A

Half of plasma proteins are albumin, this is producted by liver; this is like a cargo ship moving substances around blood, keeps fluid in vasculature

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29
Q

Globulins

A

These are all non albumin proteins, includes fibrinogen, inflammatory protein, transport proteins

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30
Q

Cell types in blood

A

RBC wbc platelets

31
Q

RBC

A

Transport o2 and co2

32
Q

WBC

A

Immune cells

33
Q

Platelets

A

Promote blood clotting

34
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Name used for Platelets (name used in some species)

35
Q

Bone marrow structure

A

Fed by nutrient arteries and drained by veins, have metabolically active far

36
Q

Stromal compartment

A

Cells that line the bone and blood cells along with the fat cells an d other mesencymal cells; supports the survival expansion and differentiation of stem cells into other cell types found in blood; each cell linage will respond to set of growth factors and stimulants

37
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBCs

38
Q

Rubriblasts

A

Earliest erythrocyte precursor

39
Q

Macrophages RBC

A

RBCs live 2-4 months, when phagocytized by macrophages iron is recycled and refused in new RBC production

40
Q

Anemia

A

Decreased concentration of RBCs (decrease PCV or hematocrit = anemia)

41
Q

Erythrocytosis or polycythemia

A

Increase in RBCs

42
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBC; just use blood to get from site of production (bone marrow) to site of function (in tissue); 5 main types neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

43
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils contain large number of granules in cytoplasm

44
Q

Neutrophils stained

A

Granules stain neurally

45
Q

Eosinophils stained

A

Granules stain pink with acidic dye eosin

46
Q

Basophils

A

Granules stain purple with basic dye methylene blue

47
Q

Mononuclear cells

A

Ie monocytes or lymphocytes; don’t have a convoluted nucleus

48
Q

Dog cat horse leukocyte relative concentrations

A

Neutrophils>lymphocytes»monocytes> eosinophils>basophil

49
Q

Cow relative concentration of different leukocytes

A

Lymphocyte > neutrophil&raquo_space; monocytes>erythrocytes>basophil

50
Q

Neutrophils

A

Polymorphonuclear monocytes; highly lobulated nuclear shape; large number indistinct cytoplasmic granules which contain large number of compounds necessary for microbial killing especially bacteria; in blood these are in two pools circulating pool are those free flowing in blood stream; marginating pool are those that are loosely adhering to blood vessel wall in preparation of migrating out into tissue (these don’t show up on blood test) ratio of marginating pool to circulating pool = 1:1; Neutorphils are phagocytic cells which engulf primarily bacteria and some fungi; usually first leukocyte seen in tissue during accuse inflammatory process; neutorphils die during phagocytosis and if large numbers dead neutrophils collect then it creates puss; live in blood for 5-10 hours then go into tissue to their job and die

51
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Increased number neutorphils in blood

52
Q

Neutropenia

A

Decreased number of neutorphils in blood

53
Q

Toxic neutrophils

A

Changes in microscopic appearance of neutrophils can be associated with intense inflammatory disease

54
Q

Eosinophils

A

Have a lobulated nucleus, are covered in pink cytoplasmic granules; kill parasites and are factors in hyperseneisity reactions; phagocytic; can survive in tissue for several weeks or longer; produced in bone marrow; have bacteriacidal properties butneutrophils main line of defense against bacteria, can release granules into blood to attack parasites if cant engulf them into cell

55
Q

Neutrophil production

A

Made in bone marrow

Specific growth factor -> meatopoetic stem cell -> myeloblast -> band neutrophils -> mature/ segmented neutrophils

56
Q

Eosinophilia

A

Increased number eosinophils in blood; associated with parachutes and hypersensitive reactions

57
Q

Eosinopenia

A

Decreased number eosinophils in blood, hard to document because usually ver low numbers in circulation

58
Q

Basophil

A

Lobulated nucleus; cytoplamic granules are lavender to dark purple; may help recruit eosinophils in defense against parasites ; contain mediators of hypersensitivity reasponses; phagocytic ability is lower than that of neutorphils and eosinophils

59
Q

Basophillia

A

Increased number of basophils in blood, usually seen in conjunction with eosinophilia in resposne to parasitic or allergic conditions

60
Q

Basopenia

A

Decresaed number basophils in bloo, VERY rarely see these in blood, no clinical significance

61
Q

Monocytes

A

Usually largest leukocyte in blood;variable morphology; cytoplasm is medium blue and may contain a few clear vacuoles and/or a few small pink granules; circulate in blood for 12-24 hours then go into tissues, differentiate into macrophages, dendritic cells and microglial cells; chromatini in nucleus is Lacey pattern not tightly condensed

62
Q

Macrophages

A

Highly phagocytic cells present in tissues such as liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lung, function in inflammatory resposne to tissue necrosis, foreign material, and pathogens such as fungus and certain bacteria

63
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Antigen presenting cells; process and present antigents to lymphocytes to stimulate adaptive immune response

64
Q

Microglial cells

A

In CNS have phagocytic and antigen presenting function and osteoclasts in bone (resorb bone)

65
Q

Histocytes

A

Machrophages and dendritic cells

66
Q

Monocytosis

A

Increase number monocytes in blood; increase in blood for number of reasons including inflammatory disorders

67
Q

Monocytopenia

A

Difficult to document because normal for there to be very few of these in blood

68
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Smallest leukocyte in blood; round nucleus that stains densely with clumped apperance SMALL amount of clear to light blue cytoplasm; some mature in bone marrow others in lymphoid tissue; during maturation gain ability to produce antibodies (B lymphocytes) or receptors (T lymphocytes) that target specific antigen; they survey for antigens which they have recognition for; can undergo blastogenesis (multiply) in response to antigenic stimulation ; arise either from stem cell in bone marrow or proliferation in resposne to antigentic stimulation (this occurs in lymphoid tissue this is more common); lifespan is hours to years

69
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

Increased number lymphocytes in blood

70
Q

Lymphopenia

A

Decreased number lymphocytes in blood

71
Q

Platelets

A

Smallest cells in blood show up as little purple circles on slides; they are anucleate cytoplasmic fragments of large bone marrow precursor cell called megakaryocyte; contain cytoplamisc granules that contain substances essential to clotting

72
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

Increase number of platelets

73
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Decreased number of platelets; if numbers are too low can bleed to death

Block One (31 decks)

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