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Blood As A Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells usually occurs in bone marrow, can also occur in spleen

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2
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Immature anucleared RBC, they are larger than and contain less hemoglobin than a mature RBC

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3
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin that has bound to O2

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4
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin that has bound to CO2

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5
Q

Granulocyte

A

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, contain large number of granules within cytoplasm

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6
Q

Band neutrophil

A

Hematopoietic stem cells -> band neutrophils -> neutrophils

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7
Q

Left shift

A

High number of immature neutrophils in the blood (usually bands) because increase release of immature neutrophils by bone marrow bc increased demand due to acute inflammatory disease

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8
Q

Innate immune response

A

No recognition of previous exposure to antigen needed. DO not have memory involved leukocytes like neutrophils, macrophages

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9
Q

Adaptive immune response

A

Stimulated by antigen presenting cells to lymphocytes (dendritic cells); dendritic cells are a derivative of a monocytes and are targeted against specific antigens “memory” leads to a quicker response after the second exposure to an antigen

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10
Q

Humoral immune response

A

B-lymphocytes mature to plasma cells and produce antibodies

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11
Q

Cell mediated immune response

A

T-lymphocytes regulatory effects, stimulating or surprising immune function and cytotoxic effects (killing tumor cells or virally infected cells)

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12
Q

Common injection/ blood draw sites

A

External Jugular vein, cephalic vein, saphenous vein

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13
Q

Red top tubes

A

Use for chemistry profile, no additives

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14
Q

Purple top tube

A

Use for CBC, includes anticoagulant EDTA

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15
Q

Green top tube

A

Contains heparin

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16
Q

Blue top tube

A

Use for coagulation tests

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17
Q

CBC

A

aka hemogram; Use purple top; measures blood cells and includes microscopic evaluation of blood smear (dried and stained)

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18
Q

Chemistry

A

Aka super chem; use red top; evaluates non-celluar components of blood can be performed on plasma or serum (can also be from green top tube)

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19
Q

How to measure hemoglobin

A

2 ways one use laser to detect hemoglobin in cells, second RBCs are lysed and hemoglobin is measured by chemical reaction

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20
Q

Components of blood

A

Composed of fluid phase and cell phase

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21
Q

Blood functions

A

Transportation (oxygen, co2, nutrients, waste, hormones), Immunity (flushing wound, carries WBC,, maintaining overall fluid level, helping to regulate body temperature

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22
Q

Plasma

A

Blood that has not clotted and therefore contains all of the proteins necessary for clotting (purple top or green will have anticoagulant)

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23
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Coagulation protein in highest concentration in blood

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24
Q

Serum

A

Fluid collected from blood that has been allowed to clot (does not have clotting factors in it) (red top)

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25
Hematocrit vs Pcv
Should be within 3% of each other
26
Small molecules in blood
Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate), minnerals (calcium, phosphate, magnesium), glucose ect
27
Proteins in blood
Classified as albumin and globulin
28
Albumin
Half of plasma proteins are albumin, this is producted by liver; this is like a cargo ship moving substances around blood, keeps fluid in vasculature
29
Globulins
These are all non albumin proteins, includes fibrinogen, inflammatory protein, transport proteins
30
Cell types in blood
RBC wbc platelets
31
RBC
Transport o2 and co2
32
WBC
Immune cells
33
Platelets
Promote blood clotting
34
Thrombocytes
Name used for Platelets (name used in some species)
35
Bone marrow structure
Fed by nutrient arteries and drained by veins, have metabolically active far
36
Stromal compartment
Cells that line the bone and blood cells along with the fat cells an d other mesencymal cells; supports the survival expansion and differentiation of stem cells into other cell types found in blood; each cell linage will respond to set of growth factors and stimulants
37
Erythrocytes
RBCs
38
Rubriblasts
Earliest erythrocyte precursor
39
Macrophages RBC
RBCs live 2-4 months, when phagocytized by macrophages iron is recycled and refused in new RBC production
40
Anemia
Decreased concentration of RBCs (decrease PCV or hematocrit = anemia)
41
Erythrocytosis or polycythemia
Increase in RBCs
42
Leukocytes
WBC; just use blood to get from site of production (bone marrow) to site of function (in tissue); 5 main types neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes
43
Granulocytes
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils contain large number of granules in cytoplasm
44
Neutrophils stained
Granules stain neurally
45
Eosinophils stained
Granules stain pink with acidic dye eosin
46
Basophils
Granules stain purple with basic dye methylene blue
47
Mononuclear cells
Ie monocytes or lymphocytes; don’t have a convoluted nucleus
48
Dog cat horse leukocyte relative concentrations
Neutrophils>lymphocytes>>monocytes> eosinophils>basophil
49
Cow relative concentration of different leukocytes
Lymphocyte > neutrophil >> monocytes>erythrocytes>basophil
50
Neutrophils
Polymorphonuclear monocytes; highly lobulated nuclear shape; large number indistinct cytoplasmic granules which contain large number of compounds necessary for microbial killing especially bacteria; in blood these are in two pools circulating pool are those free flowing in blood stream; marginating pool are those that are loosely adhering to blood vessel wall in preparation of migrating out into tissue (these don’t show up on blood test) ratio of marginating pool to circulating pool = 1:1; Neutorphils are phagocytic cells which engulf primarily bacteria and some fungi; usually first leukocyte seen in tissue during accuse inflammatory process; neutorphils die during phagocytosis and if large numbers dead neutrophils collect then it creates puss; live in blood for 5-10 hours then go into tissue to their job and die
51
Neutrophilia
Increased number neutorphils in blood
52
Neutropenia
Decreased number of neutorphils in blood
53
Toxic neutrophils
Changes in microscopic appearance of neutrophils can be associated with intense inflammatory disease
54
Eosinophils
Have a lobulated nucleus, are covered in pink cytoplasmic granules; kill parasites and are factors in hyperseneisity reactions; phagocytic; can survive in tissue for several weeks or longer; produced in bone marrow; have bacteriacidal properties butneutrophils main line of defense against bacteria, can release granules into blood to attack parasites if cant engulf them into cell
55
Neutrophil production
Made in bone marrow | Specific growth factor -> meatopoetic stem cell -> myeloblast -> band neutrophils -> mature/ segmented neutrophils
56
Eosinophilia
Increased number eosinophils in blood; associated with parachutes and hypersensitive reactions
57
Eosinopenia
Decreased number eosinophils in blood, hard to document because usually ver low numbers in circulation
58
Basophil
Lobulated nucleus; cytoplamic granules are lavender to dark purple; may help recruit eosinophils in defense against parasites ; contain mediators of hypersensitivity reasponses; phagocytic ability is lower than that of neutorphils and eosinophils
59
Basophillia
Increased number of basophils in blood, usually seen in conjunction with eosinophilia in resposne to parasitic or allergic conditions
60
Basopenia
Decresaed number basophils in bloo, VERY rarely see these in blood, no clinical significance
61
Monocytes
Usually largest leukocyte in blood;variable morphology; cytoplasm is medium blue and may contain a few clear vacuoles and/or a few small pink granules; circulate in blood for 12-24 hours then go into tissues, differentiate into macrophages, dendritic cells and microglial cells; chromatini in nucleus is Lacey pattern not tightly condensed
62
Macrophages
Highly phagocytic cells present in tissues such as liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lung, function in inflammatory resposne to tissue necrosis, foreign material, and pathogens such as fungus and certain bacteria
63
Dendritic cells
Antigen presenting cells; process and present antigents to lymphocytes to stimulate adaptive immune response
64
Microglial cells
In CNS have phagocytic and antigen presenting function and osteoclasts in bone (resorb bone)
65
Histocytes
Machrophages and dendritic cells
66
Monocytosis
Increase number monocytes in blood; increase in blood for number of reasons including inflammatory disorders
67
Monocytopenia
Difficult to document because normal for there to be very few of these in blood
68
Lymphocyte
Smallest leukocyte in blood; round nucleus that stains densely with clumped apperance SMALL amount of clear to light blue cytoplasm; some mature in bone marrow others in lymphoid tissue; during maturation gain ability to produce antibodies (B lymphocytes) or receptors (T lymphocytes) that target specific antigen; they survey for antigens which they have recognition for; can undergo blastogenesis (multiply) in response to antigenic stimulation ; arise either from stem cell in bone marrow or proliferation in resposne to antigentic stimulation (this occurs in lymphoid tissue this is more common); lifespan is hours to years
69
Lymphocytosis
Increased number lymphocytes in blood
70
Lymphopenia
Decreased number lymphocytes in blood
71
Platelets
Smallest cells in blood show up as little purple circles on slides; they are anucleate cytoplasmic fragments of large bone marrow precursor cell called megakaryocyte; contain cytoplamisc granules that contain substances essential to clotting
72
Thrombocytosis
Increase number of platelets
73
Thrombocytopenia
Decreased number of platelets; if numbers are too low can bleed to death

Block One (31 decks)

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