Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block One > Development of the Heart and Thoracic Arteries > Flashcards

Development of the Heart and Thoracic Arteries Flashcards

1
Q

thoracic arteries are the developmental roots for

A

pulmonary system, aorta to link in with the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

thoracic arteries develop from

A

selective retention and degeneration of aortic arches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

embryo blood flow initially

A

cranial to caudal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

start to finish overview of heart foliding

A

start with a symmetric heart tube and gradually change to a 4 chambered heart using looping and septaation, separation of outflow, develop thoracic arteries from aortic arches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

septation

A

accomplished with endocardial cushions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

separate outflow track

A

acomplished with endocarddial cushions as well. separate into systemic and pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Initial heart tube formation

A

formed by fusion of left and right cariogenic mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

early heart tube outflow and inflow track formation

A

early heart tube is augmented by head mesodermal cells which form cranial outflow and caudal inflow tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

common outflow tract regions

A

divided into proximal (bulbs cordis) and distal (truncus arteriosus) regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

inflow tract composition

A

composed of pairs horns of sinus venousus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cranial to caudal blood flow pattern

A

blood flows from embryonic tissues through sinus venous into single atrium then into bulboventricle then through outflow (bulbs cordis and truncus arteriosus) and out ventral aorta via a series of paired aortic arches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

septa formed during heart development

A

atrioventricular, inter ventricular, and interatrail septa with in heart and spiral septum in outflow tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

looping during heart development

A

This is step 1; loops because ends are fixed, this is under genetic control, heart tube will bend ventrally and twist to the right shifting ventricles caudally, sinus venous will undergo remodeling to establish right sided asymmetry of venous inflow to adult heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

sinus venous becomes..

A

vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

looping followed by__ in tube formation

A

formation of septa that divide the lumen into chambers via endocardial cushions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

endocardial cushions are

A

specialized endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

intracardiac septation

A

involves creation of right and left ventricle and A-V canals, left and right atria, and pulmonary (right) and systemic (left) outflows and closing of intraventricular foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

from tube to 4 chambered heart steps

A
  1. looping of heart tube
  2. formation of series of partial or complete partitions (septa) with in the heart
    - interventricular
    - atrioventricular
    - interatrial septa
  3. formation of partitions in the outflow tract (spiral septum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

formation of left and right ventricles

A

separated by inter ventricular septa; the common bulboventrical separation begins with formation of bulboventriclar sulcus along caudal ventral surface of looped heart which corresponds to ridge that projects into bulboventricle this ridge will become muscular (apical) part of interventriclar septum which separates left and right ventricles (at this initial state the separation is not complete and intraventricular foramen is allowing blood flow between sides of bulboventricle). As IV septum forms there is asymmetric growth of common atrium and the ventricles, the atrioventricular canal (passage between atrium and ventricles) shifts from left side to midline position overlying IV septum allowing blood to flow from single atrium through A-V canal into right and left ventricles and exiting via common outflow channel, need to separate into L and R canals. AV endocardial cushions form on dorsal and ventral margins of atrioventricular canal and protrude into lumen these expand and fuse forming r and l a-v canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

creating left and right atria

A

single atria into left and right atria involves formation of two membranous intratrail septa
1. septum primum
2. septum secundum
This will ultimately allow embryo to shunt oxygenated blood heart away from lungs and provide means of blocking inter-atrial blood flow at birth when the pressure gradient is altered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

septum primum

A

first of the two septal involved in forming left and right atria, forms along roof of atrium and grows inwards to fuse with A-V cushions, perforations will form in the dorsal part of the septum forming a new opening, foramen secundum which allows blood to flow freely between left and right parts of atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

septum secundum

A

forms to the right of septum premium also grows into the atrium but doesn’t close leaving the foramen ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

outflow tract -> vessels

A

during simple body plan outflow tract of heart is single tube with proximal bulbs cordis and distal truncus arteriosus connecting ventral aorta to series of paired aortic arches which will later give rise to important thoracic and cranial vessels (aorta, main pulmonary artery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

vessel linking

A

pulmonary arteries developing off caudal aortic arches will need to be linked with right ventricle, aorta is developing off cranial aortic arch and will need to be linked with left ventricle

25
Q

separation of outflows

A

need to separate single outflow into separate outflows, this is accomplished with endocardial cushions arising form outflow tract and fusing to create a spiral twist “spiral septum”; 2 pairs of endocardial cushions, proximal pair in bulbs region and distal pair in truncus; the distal and proximal cushions will fuse together and since they are in different planes the unified septum twists clockwise proximal to distal forming the spiral septum

26
Q

distal pair of spiral septa fusing endocardial cushions

A

oriented so that after fusion the developing pulmonary arteries are separated from developing systemic arteries ; these cushions are near entrances to aortic arches that form pulmonary arteries and aorta

27
Q

closing inter-ventricular foramen

A

involves elongation of proximal (bulbar) endocardial cushions which elongate into right ventricle fusing with IV septum and A-V cushion closing IV foramen permanently separating left and right ventricles

28
Q

coronary blood vessels

A

some epicardial cells undergo transition to mesenchymal cells and move into underlying myocardium to form most of coronary blood vessels

29
Q

myocardial cells along endocardial (inner) surface of myocardium

A

most degenerate (via apoptosis) during fetal growth of the heart, those that survive give rise to papillary muscles and chordae tendinae

30
Q

pulmonic and aortic semilunar vlaves

A

form from circumferential bands of myocytes at the base of pulmonary trunk and aortic root, A-V valves formed similarly just at A-V canal location

31
Q

congenital heart malformations

A

usually due to incomplete or incorrect formation of endocardial cushions (thus septa); defects in asymmetry often result in outflow tract problems

32
Q

tetralogy of fallot

A

congenital heart malformation, a suite of 3 primary and 1 secondary cardiac lesion; results from off centered development of bulbar cushions that are shifted toward r side of developing heart and as they grow downward they create a narrow opening to the pulmonary trunk (pulmonic stenosis, PS), the opening to the aortic root with correspondingly be too large and shifted right (dextro-aorta); off-center bulbar cushions may not complete mission of contracting and fusing with the inverventricular septum which results in a septal defect; PS causes increased resistance to RV ejection of blood, right ventricular hypertrophy developer secondarily

33
Q

chordae tendinea and valves

A

a-v valves chordae tendinea

pulmonic trunk and aorta no chordae tendinea

34
Q

thoracic artery development

A

being with simple cardiac outflow tract, an aortic sac/ ventral aorta, paired aortic arches which connect to paired dorsal aorta and finally singular dorsal aorta

35
Q

aortic arches in development

A

they are selectively retained and degenerated which eventually forms the thoracic arteries (such as aorta, pulmonary arteries, and subclavian arteries)

36
Q

6th aortic arch

A

blood can go to lung or to systemic circulation, have selective degeneration of the right side and retains on left side and becomes the ductus arteriosis

37
Q

aortic arches vertebrates

A

they are common to all vertebrates but fates of arches have been highly modified during evolution especially bc loss of gill-based respritaiton

38
Q

systematic aortic arches

A

short single ventral aorta/ aortic sac will emerge cranially from the head, from this a series of paired aortic arches will arise which will carry blood dorsally around pharynx/ gut tube and into paired dorsal aorta which carry blood caudally giving off multiple branches to developing axial structures m, body wall, limbs, and viscera. At the level of diaphragm l and r aorta fuse to form single dorsal aorta; arches develop sequentially from cranial to caudal

39
Q

vitelline arteries

A

go to yolk sac branch from dorsal aortae

40
Q

umbilical (allantoic) arteries

A

go to the placenta branch from dorsal aortae

41
Q

when heart starts beating aortic arches

A

aortic arch 1 and dorsal aortae are present and patent

42
Q

following heart starting to beat

A

aortic arches 2 and 3 form shortly after

43
Q

As aortic arch 4 forms

A

aortic arch 1 undergoes remolding and disappears as a distinct channel shortly afterwards

44
Q

blood flow from heart and ventral aorta to dorsal aortae

A

after arch 1 disappears bc it becomes a distinct channel only arches 3 and 4 carry blood from the heart and ventral aorta to dorsal aortae

45
Q

4th aortic arch (when 2-4 are present)

A

4th aortic arch is most caudal of this developmental series and subsequent new vessels branch from ventral base of 4th aortic arches, a pair of these vessels branch off and grow beside the respiratory diverticulum and establish left and right pulmonary arteries

46
Q

6th aortic arch

A

vascular channels form between each pulmonary artery and dorsal aortae and create this “aortic arch” (not homologous with true aortic arches). The connection from root of pulmonary arteries to dorsal aortae provide extra cardiac shunt which lets divert blood from pulmonary vasculature (along with inter-arterial foramen); embryo will retain complete 6th aortic arch on left side (ductus arteriosus) and right 6th aortic arch will degenerate coincident with R-L asymmetry developing in the heart

47
Q

after development of 6th aortic arch

A

root of 4th aortic arch expands forming enlarged aortic sac to accommodate subdivision and integration with cardiac outflow tract

48
Q

after formation of expanded aortic sac

A

left and right dorsal aortae located between arches 3 and 4 degenerate segregating blood going to the head (via 3rd aortic arch) from blood going to trunk (via 4th and 6th aortic arches)

49
Q

aortic arch 3

A

becomes common carotid arteries

50
Q

remmnants of dorsal and ventral aortae

A

remain to form internal carotid arteries and external carotid arteries

51
Q

left and right dorsal aortae

A

give rise to series of symmetric intersegmental arteries that form and grow dorsally. The first several denegrate but the 7th cervical intersegmental arteries usually persist and it gives off branches that carry blood to forelimbs, thoracic body wall, and cranially into head (via formation of vertebral artery)

52
Q

paired 7th dorsal intersegmental arteries

A

become the proximal parts of right and left subclavian arteries; right dorsal aorta between the right subclavian and the dorsal aorta will denigrate as neck elongates and the heart shifts caudally into the thorax

53
Q

selective degeneration

A

usually on right side

54
Q

definitive aorta in adult animal

A

comes from left 4th aortic arch

55
Q

circulatory changes at birth

A

Closure of intratrial septum primum, closure of ductus arteriosus, closure ductus venosus, loss of large capillary plexus with in placenta

56
Q

closure of intratrial septum primum

A

At birth aeration of the lungs opens the pulmonary capillary bed and cessation of placental blood flow reverses pressure gradient . This combination of reduced resistance to flow on R side and increase resistance on L side pushes the intratrial septum primium tight against septum secundum blocking intertribal blood flow. The septa fuse after birth leaving fossa ovalis

57
Q

Closure of ductus arteriosus

A

wall of ductus arteriosus is composed of combo of smooth muscle and elastic tissue after birth the lungs expand reducing resistance to blood flow through pulmonary arteries while smooth muscles in wall of ductus arteriosus responds to higher oxygen concentration and release of prostaglandin and constricts closing this. Once this is closed it persists as ligaments arteriosus

58
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

failure of ductus to close

59
Q

Closure of umbilical vein and ductus venosus

A

at birth closure of umbilical arteries and veins stops circulation to and from placenta loss of large placental vascular complex causes rapid increase in resistance to flow along dorsal aorta the intra-embryonic part of the umbilical vein and ductus venosus to collapse due to lack of blood from placenta

Block One (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions