Organs That Deal With Blood Flashcards
cellular components of blood
RBC, WBC, platlets
matrix components of blood
plasma, fibers (fibrinogen fibers)
blood is a type of ___
connective tissue
where is blood formed in a fetus
liver, spleen, red bone marrow
how does blood circulate in a fetus
circulates via vessels (tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia)
how are red and white cells removed in a fetus
spleen and liver
how is blood formed in an adult
red bone marrow (RBC only made in red bone marrow, replaced by fat ie yellow bone marrow in an adult)
how does blood circulate in an adult
pump (causes flow of circulating fluid); arterial: heart, venous: skeletal and smooth muscle; UNIDIRECITONAL FLOW
how is unidirectional blood flow maintained in an adult
pressure differences at ends of arteries, valves in heart, valves in veins; flow is unidirectional but direction can change in an artery based on pressure; vein direction is maintained by veins
homeostasis of blood kenetics
maintained between formation, circulation, and removal
structure of a typical vascular tube
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
tunica intima of vascular tube
endothelium, basal lamina, sub endothelial connective ti, internal elastic membrane
tunica media of vascular tube
smooth muscle, elastic laminae, nerves (sympathetic to smooth mm)
tunica adventitia
connective tissue, blood vessels (vasa vasorum), nerves (sympathetic to smooth mm)
capillary structure
reduced to endothelial layer and basement membrane maximally NO TUNICA MEDIA OR TUNICA ADVENTITA
how many RBC can can capillary transfer at a time
one, transfer very quickly, exchange between air and plasma
RBC size
7 microns
capillary lining
endothelium, which is involved in neutrophil aggregation, clotting, formation of new vessels very important!
increased capillary density if
more metabolically active (more capillaries if more metabolic needs)
capillary is
the functional surface area of cardiovascular system; flow reduces in pressure and has large surface area cross which exchange from capillary to surrounding interstitial
capillary features
low resistance, large surface area, thin membrane, degree of selectivity, reflect metabolic needs of the organ (deisntiy structure), endothelium, pericytes
endothelium
simple squamous epithelium
pericytes
there are cells that lie enclosed in basement membrane of endothelial cell layer and make new endothelia +/- smooth muscle cells
types of capillaries
continuous, fenestrated, sinusoid
continuous capillary
most common type, have continuous layer of endothelium and continuous basement membrane; found in muscle, respiratory system, and CNS; materials exchanged by fluid filled vesicles (pinocytic vesicles)
fenestrated capillary
found where you want quick exchange between capillary and interstitium; intestine, kidney, endocrine gland, pancreas; has pores in it; continuous basement membrane, pores in endothelium; have pirocytic vesicles but also have fenestrations that let things cross basement membrane
sinusoid cappilary
whole gaps in endothelia and basement surface let big and small things exchange rapidly; found in liver and spleen
portal system capillary beds
flows through two capillary beds as blood returns to the heart
arterial portal system
afferent arteriole -> capillary network -> efferent arteriole -> capillary -> venule
venous portal system
arteriole -> capillary -> vein -> capillary or sinusoid -> vein
hepatic portal system -venous portal system
capillary bed 1: SI, LI; capillary bed 2: liver sinusoids
organs with specific functional interface with blood
ie they receive volume of blood they modify; receive structural or nutritional blood volume; receive functional blood volume that is used to perform the organs function
heart structural blood supply
coronary artery
heart functional blood supply
blood in chambers of the heart
lung structural blood supply
bronchial artery
lung functional blood supply
pulmonary artery
liver structural blood supply
hepatic artery
liver function blood supply
hepatic portal vein (supplies 4/5 blood to liver including a large portion of the oxygenated blood the liver uses)
spleen structural blood supply
splenic artery
spleen functional blood supply
splenic artery
kidney structural blood supply
renal artery
kidney functional blood supply
renal artery
blood filter requirements
functional component parenchyma versus structural support stroma;
access to formed and fluid elements (large surface area, thin exchange membrane)
capability to filter
time for interaction
parenchyma
population of cells that let organ perform its function
stroma
connective tissue elements
arterial side of filtering
lung, kidney
venous side of filtering
liver
respiratory bronchioles histology
simple cuboidal epithelium with alveolae along wall
alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs
entire wall is lined by openings of alveolae, simple squamous epithelium lines alveolar duct, smooth muscle around alveolar openings, alveolar sacs terminations of alveolar ducts
alveolus surrounded by
interalveolar septum
what runs through ridges capillaries
type I pneumocytes, type II pneumocytes, and alveolar phagocytes
respiratory alveolus
functional unit of lung, thin walls, large surface area, slowed blood, necessary for success
what does lymph pick up
bacteria, microorgaisms, RBC, WBC, interstitial fluids, tumor cells, it is therefore a common route for neoplasia; lymph also clears up bruises
diapedesis
mechanism of WBC moving form lumen of blood vessel to surrounding interstitum; need to get blood from capillary bed back on venous side WBC migrate from lumen of blood vessel into surrounding interstitum
lymph trying to return to venous circulation must
go through at least one or more lymph nodes before retiring to circulation; there is more lymph tissue that lymph nodes; lymph nodes form outside organs
lymphatic drainage
bring interstitial fluid back to vascular system via lymph capillaries; these are blind ended ie form then bring lymph back to venous supply; lymph is interstitial fluid that has entered lymph system; lymph must go through at least one lymph node on its way back to venous circulation
lymph drainage patters head and neck
- mandibular lymph nodes
- medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes
- tracheal trunk -> venous angle
- superficial cervical lymph nodes
- axially lymph nodes -> venous angle
- sternal lymph nodes
- cranial mediastinal lymph nodes
- tracheobronchial lymph nodes -> thoracic duct or tracheal angle-> venous angle
lymph drainage patters caudal to heart
- thoracic duct (cranial to diaphragm) -> venous angle
- cisterna chyli (caudal to diaphragm)
- aortic/ lumbar aortic lymph nodes
- mesenteric lymph nodes -> thoracic duct -> venous angle
- medial iliac lymph nodes -> thoracic duct ->venous angle
- sacral lymph node
- subiliac lymph nodes (NOT in dog inconstant in cat yes large animals)
- superficial inguinal lymph nodes
- popliteal lymph nodes -> thoracic duct -> venous angle
mandibular lymph nodes
lymph that goes through here also goes through medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes which outflow to tracheal trunk
venous angle
confluence of external jugular and subclavian veins
sternal lymph nodes, cranial mediastinal lymph nodes, tracheobronchial lymphnodes
drain directly or indirectly into thoracic duct or tracheal angle
mesenteric lymph nodes
a lot of lymph going into this comes from ileum and jejunum, these lymphnodes carry dietary fat, chylomicrons form of fat being carried in lymph nodes
medial iliac lymph nodes
gonads drain into these
subiliac lymphnodes
NOT in dog, inconstant in cat, found in large animals
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
these will NOT enlarge if something wrong with thesticles, will enlarge if something is wrong with tissue around them
