Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block One > Generic Cell- Introduction To Histology > Flashcards

Generic Cell- Introduction To Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue preparation steps

A

Fixation, Embedding and Sectioning, Staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fixation

A

Samples immersed in fixative immediately after removal from body to preserve structure. Terminates cell metabolism, prevents enzymatic degredation of cells/ tissues, kills pathogenic microorganisms. Formalin is most common fixative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Formalin

A

Most common fixative, preserves general structure of cell and extra cellular components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lipid fixation

A

Lipids will not be preserved in fixation they dissolve and leave clear spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Embedding and Sectioning

A

Specimens are embedded in paraffin after fixing to allow them to be sliced 5-15um thick.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Molecules lost in fixation

A

Neutral lipids, glycogen, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans, soluble components, ions, small molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Molecules that survive fixation

A 
Generally large molecules
Nucleoproteins
Intracelluar cytoskeletal proteins
Extra cellular proteins
Membrane phospholipid protein (or carbohydrate) complexes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Acidic dyes

A

Carry a net negative charge and react with cationic groups particularly ionized amino groups of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Acidophillia

A

Ability of cationic group to react with an acid dye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Basic dyes

A

React with anionic components including phosphate groups of nuclei acids, sulphate group of glycominoglycans, and carbonyl groups of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Basophilla

A

Ability of anionic group to react with a basophillic dye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Most commonly used dyes in histology

A

Hematoxylin (basic) and Eosin (acidophillia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hematoxylin

A

Functions as basic dye (reacts with anionic groups), blue, displays:
Heterochromatin and nucleoli (in nucleus)
Ribosomes (In cytoplasm)
Cartilage matrix (ECM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Eosin

A 
Acidophillic dye (reacts with cationic groups), pink
Displays:
Cytoplasmic filaments, intracelluar membranous components, unspecialized cytoplasm (in cytoplasm)
Extracelluar fibers (ECM)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Resolving power

A

Ability of a microscope to produce separate images of closely partitioned objects; distance by which 2 objects must be separated to appear as two objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Electron microscopy

A

Em increases resolution by a factor of 1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What to keep in mind when interpreting tissue sections

A

Orientation, Plane Of Sections, Artifacts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Orientation

A

Where thing you are looking at is in relation to the whole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Plane of section

A

Remember you are looking at 2-d image of 3-d structure and must imagine 3D structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Artifacts

A

Imperfections in tissue preparations (tears or folds in tissue or uneven staining), loss of structures during staining, fixing, embedding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Two major compartments of cell

A

Cytoplasm and nucleus, boundaries determined by plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cell coat or glycocalyx

A

Carbohydrates attach to proteins on extracelluar surface of plasma membrane forming this.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Controls movement of substances into and out of intracelluar space, regulates cell- cell interactions, transducts intracelluar signals; not visible in staining

24
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Crosses plasma membrane by vesicle, something in is endocytosis, something out is exocytosis

25
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Part of cell outside of nucleus, contains organelles, cytoskeleton, and inclusions all suspended in cytoskeleton. Protein synthesis, energy production, intracelluar transport, and degredation of waste products occur in cytoplasm

26
Q

Magnification

A

Ability to make smaller objects larger

27
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Protein synthetic system of cell consists of ribosomes and rough ER, ribosomes have 2 subunits composed of RNA and protein, translate mRNA into polypeptide chains

28
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Synthesize proteins that remain inside cell cytoplasm; not visible as individuals but visible as clumps which will stain

29
Q

Polyribosome

A

Aka polysome, multiple ribosomes binding a single mRNA molecule

30
Q

Rough ER

A

Proteins destined to be embedded in membrane, exported from cell, or targeted to membrane bound organel made here; often observed in basophillic region of cytoplasm

31
Q

Cells that synthesize large amounts of proteins stain

A

Intensely with basophillic dyes (hematoxylin) b/c of negatively charged RNA

32
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Functions in posttranslational modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins; golgi lost during fixation but can see clear area partially surrounded by basophillic cytoplasm called golgi ghost in light microscopy

33
Q

Smooth ER

A

Consists of short anastomosing tubules not associated with ribosomes; involved in detoxification and conjugation of toxic substances; involved in lipid and steroid metabolism, membrane formation, and recycling, and glycogen metabolism; not visible with staining

34
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth ER in muscle cells, site of calcium storage

35
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digestive organell, contain hydrolytic enzyme and membrane resistant to hydorlityic degredation, degrade macromolecules that have been endocytosed, degrade senescent organelles via autophagy
Not visible by light microscopy except after special enzyme histochemical staning

36
Q

Autophagy

A

Degredation of senescent organelles

37
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain oxidative enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide; important in detoxification and oxidation of fatty acids; most abundant in kidney and liver cells; not visible by light microscopy except after specialized enzyme histochemical staining

38
Q

Mitochondria

A

Generate ATP via citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation; abundant in cells that expand a large amount of energy; play critical role in apoptosis
Membranes contain positively changed molecules, if in large enough numbers can make cytoplasm acidophillic
Present in all cell types except RBC and terminal keratinocytes; sometimes observed as minuscule dark dots, only in favorable situations

39
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Protein filaments that spacially organize the cytoplasm and confer mechanical strength and help maintain shape and internal structure of cell
Composed of 3 types filaments- actin filaments, microtublues, intermediate filaments; these can assemble and disassemble allowing for cell division and migration
Not easily visualized by light microscopy, visible when organized into large structures

40
Q

Actin filaments

A

Determine shape of cell’s surface, play roles in cell division and locomotion

41
Q

Microtubules

A

Determine position organelles, direct intracellular transport, form mitotic spindle during cell division

42
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Confer mechanical strength

43
Q

Inclusions

A

Contain products of metabolic activity of cell, consist largely of lipid droplets, pigment granules, and glycogen, considered non-living components of cell
Common inclusions
Lipofuscin, Hemosiderin, Glycogen, Lipid Inclusions

44
Q

Lipofuscin

A

Inclusion, “wear and tear” pigment; formed of conglomeration of oxidized lipids, phospholipids, metals, organic molecules

45
Q

Hemosiderin

A

Iron-storage complex, formed of indigestble molecules of hemoglobin, inclusion

46
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage form glucose, inclusion; appear as purple haze region of cytoplasm when stained (not with an HE stain)

47
Q

Lipid inclusions

A

Far droplets, provide energy for cell metabolism, inclusion; readily visible when extremely large, appear as large empty holes in section

48
Q

Nucleus

A

membrane limited compartment, contains genome, machinery for DNA replication and RNA transcription
Consists of: Chromatin, nucleoli summer, nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm
Appears as largest organell within cell with district boundary; often see visible nucleoli and chromatin pattern regions

49
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA with associated proteins; responsible for basophilla of nucleus; 2 forms heterochromatin and euchromatin; visible when clumped together

50
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of rRNA synthesis and initial ribosome assembly; appears as roughly circular basophillic region within the nucleus

51
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane system surrounding nucleus of the cell

52
Q

Nuceloplasm

A

Nuclear content other than chromatin and nucleolus

53
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Tightly coiled, highly condescend chromatin; DNA not currently being transcribed; stains basophillic by negatively charged phosphate groups

54
Q

Euchromatin

A

Consists of DNA that is stretched out and accessible for transcription

55
Q

Endosome

A

Not visible from staining

56
Q

Proteasome

A

Not visible from staining

Block One (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions