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Y1 Gastrointestinal > Tropical Infections > Flashcards

Tropical Infections Flashcards

1
Q

what should you look for upon examination of a returned traveller with fever?

A 
rash 
hepato/splenomegaly 
lymphadenopathy 
insect bites 
wounds
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2
Q

what should be done to control infection if a returned traveller presents with fever?

A

they should be isolated until the clinical picture is clear

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3
Q

what is acute traveller’s diarrhoea defined as?

A

three loose stools in 24 hours

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4
Q

what is the most common cause of acute traveller’s diarrhoea?

A

E.Coli

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5
Q

what viruses should be considered in travelers returning from cruise ships?

A

norovirus

rotavirus

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6
Q

what causes amoebic diarrhoes?

A

entamoeba histolytica

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7
Q

what is dysentery and what may cause it?

A

bloody diarrhoea

E.Coli, amoebic colitis

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8
Q

what is perfuse watery diarrhoea caused by?

A

cholera

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9
Q

what investigations should be done if someone has acute traveller’s diarrhoea?

A

stool culture

stool wet prep

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10
Q

what can be given to prevent worsening of acute travellers diarrhoea in someone who is still travelling?

A

a single dose of a fluoroquinolone

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11
Q

what are the two types of enteric fever?

A

typhoid fever

paratyphoid fever

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12
Q

who is most commonly affected by typhoid fever?

A

patients returning from india and south east asia

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13
Q

what is the incubation period for enteric fever?

A

7-18 days

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14
Q

name some symptoms of enteric fever

A

fever
headache
altered bowel movements
dry cough

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15
Q

name some possible complications of enteric fever

A

GI bleeding
GI perforation
encephalopathy
bone infection

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16
Q

what organisms cause enteric fever?

A

salmonella typhi

salmonella paratyphi

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17
Q

what is the empirical treatment of enteric fever and when is this given?

A

IV ceftriaxone

when a patient is unstable with severe sepsis

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18
Q

name three antibiotics that may be used to treat enteric fever

A

ciprofloxacin
azithromycin
ceftriaxone

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19
Q

what are the three types of jaundice?

A

pre-hepatic (haemolytic)
hepatic
post-hepatic

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20
Q

name two causes of pre hepatic jaundice

A

malaria

HUS

21
Q

name two causes of hepatic jaundice

A

enteric fever

hep A and E

22
Q

name two causes of post-hepatic jaundice

A

ascending cholangitis

helminths

23
Q

what investigations are done if a patient presents with fever and jaundice?

A 
tests for malaria 
blood cultures 
FBC etc. 
USS abdomen 
serology for viruses
24
Q

what causes amoebiasis?

A

entamoeba histolytica

25
Q

how is amoebiasis spread?

A

via faeco-oral route

26
Q

how can an asymptomatic carrier of amoebiasis spread it?

A

cysts are chronically shed in stools

spread is associated with poor hygiene

27
Q

what is another name for amoebiasis?

A

amoebic dysentery

28
Q

name some symptoms of amoebic dysentery

A

abdominal pain
fever
bloody diarrhoea
abdominal tenderness

29
Q

what investigations are done if amoebic dysentery is suspected?

A

stool microscopy
AXR (look for toxic megacolon)
endoscopy + biopsy

30
Q

what organism causes amoebic liver abscesses?

A

entamoeba histolytica

31
Q

what is the incubation period for entamoeba histolytica to cause liver abscesses?

A

8-20 weeks

32
Q

are amoebic liver abscesses more common in men or women?

A

men

33
Q

describe the presentation of amoebic liver abscesses

A

subacute, over 2-4 weeks

34
Q

name some symptoms of amoebic liver abscesses

A 
fever 
upper abdo pain 
dysentery 
hepatomegaly 
point tenderness over lower right ribs
35
Q

what investigations would be done if a patient has suspected amoebic liver abscess?

A

LFT’s
CXR (raised R hemi diaphragm)
USS/CT
serology

36
Q

what antibiotics are used to treat amoebic liver abscesses?

A

metronidazole

tinidazole

37
Q

what needs to be cleared from the gut lumen before treatment of amoebic liver abscess, and how is this done?

A

parasites

paromomycin or diloxanide

38
Q

what causes giardiasis?

A

giardia intestinalis

a protozoa

39
Q

where does giardiasis affect?

A

the duodenum and proximal jejunum

40
Q

how is giardiasis spread?

A

faeco-oral route

most commonly in contaminated water

41
Q

name some symptoms of giardiasis

A

diarrhoea
bloating
abdominal cramps
weight loss

42
Q

what investigations would be done if a patient has suspected giardiasis?

A

stool microscopy

OGD for biopsy (rare)

43
Q

how is giardiasis treated?

A

metronidazole

tinidazole

44
Q

what is helminth infection often associated with?

A

eosinophilia

45
Q

what is often used to diagnose helminth infection?

A

worm/eggs passed in stool

46
Q

name the three main types of helminths

A

nematodes
trematodes
cestodes

47
Q

what causes chagas disease?

A

trypanosoma cruzi, transmitted by the kissing bug

48
Q

what does chagas disease cause?

A

parasympathetic denervation of the colon and/or oesophagus

Y1 Gastrointestinal (48 decks)

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