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Y1 Gastrointestinal > Benign Disorders of the Perianal Area > Flashcards

Benign Disorders of the Perianal Area Flashcards

1
Q

what are haemorrhoids?

A

enlarged vascular cushions in the lower rectum and anal canal

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2
Q

how do haemorrhoids present?

A

painless bright red bleeding

perianal itchiness

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3
Q

what is seen on PR exam with haemorrhoids?

A

nothing - normal

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4
Q

what does the classical position of haemorrhoids relate to?

A

the branches of the superior haemorrhoids artery

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5
Q

what investigations are done into haemorrhoids in patients under 50?

A

rigid sigmoidoscopy

proctoscopy

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6
Q

what investigation is done for haemorrhoids in patients over 50?

A

flexible sigmoidoscopy

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7
Q

when is management offered for haemorrhoids?

A

when symptomatic

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8
Q

name four management options for haemorrhoids

A

sclerosation therapy
rubber band ligation
haemorrhoidectomy
HALO/THD

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9
Q

what is used for sclerosation therapy for haemorrhoids?

A

5% phenol in almond oil

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10
Q

what are the two types of haemorrhoidectomy?

A

open

stapled

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11
Q

what is HALO/THD?

A

haemorrhoids artery ligation

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12
Q

what are the two types of rectal prolapse?

A

partial

complete

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13
Q

what is prolapsed in a partial rectal prolapse?

A

anterior mucosa

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14
Q

what is prolapsed in a complete rectal prolapse?

A

full thickness of the rectum

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15
Q

how does a rectal prolapse present?

A

protruding mass

bleeding + mucus PR

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16
Q

what is seen on PR examination in rectal prolapse?

A

poor tone

17
Q

how is a complete prolapse managed in a frail patient?

A

bulking agents

education on manual reduction

18
Q

what are three options for definitive management of a complete prolapse?

A

Delorme’s procedure
rectopexy
anterior resection

19
Q

how is a partial rectal prolapse managed in children?

A

dietary advice

treatment of constipation

20
Q

what is an anal fissure?

A

a tear in the anal margin due to passage of constipated stool

21
Q

where do anal fissures usually occur?

A

in the midline posteriorly

22
Q

what disease can result in multiple anal fissures?

A

Crohn’s disease

23
Q

how does an anal fissure present?

A

acute onset severe pain usually following constipation

bright PR bleeding

24
Q

how is an anal fissure managed?

A

dietary advice + stool softeners
sphincterotomy
botox

25
Q

what are the two types of sphincterotomy that can be performed for an anal fissure?

A

pharmacological

lateral

26
Q

how is a pharmacological sphincterotomy performed?

A

GTN ointment for six weeks

27
Q

what is fistula in ano?

A

an abnormal communication between two epithelial surfaces

28
Q

describe the structure of fistula in ano

A

an opening in the anal canal connected to one or more external openings on the peri-anal skin

29
Q

what three diseases can cause fistula in ano?

A

Crohn’s
TB
carcinoma

Y1 Gastrointestinal (48 decks)

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