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Y1 Gastrointestinal > Hernias > Flashcards

Hernias Flashcards

1
Q

what two factors are usually required for the development of a hernia?

A

structural weakness

increased pressure

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2
Q

name a congenital hernia

A

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

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3
Q

what causes a congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

A

the oesophagus growing slower than the rest of the body during development

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4
Q

what is a hernia at a surgical incision site called?

A

incisional hernia

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5
Q

name three things that can increase intra-abdominal pressure

A

chronic cough
pregnancy
straining during bowel movements

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6
Q

what does ASIS stand for?

A

anterior superior iliac spine

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7
Q

what does EOM stand for?

A

external oblique muscle

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8
Q

what is the fibre direction in the EOM?

A

anteroinferior

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9
Q

what is the fibre direction in the internal oblique muscle?

A

anterosuperior

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10
Q

what is the fibre direction in the transversus abdominis muscle?

A

horizontal

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11
Q

what marks the anterior boundary between the abdomen and the thigh?

A

the inguinal ligament

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12
Q

what is the inguinal ligament?

A

an inferior thickening of the external oblique muscle

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13
Q

why is the medial half of the inguinal ligament curved?

A

to form the floor of the inguinal canal

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14
Q

what is the inguinal canal?

A

an oblique passage between the abdomen and the perineum

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15
Q

how long is the inguinal canal?

A

4cm

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16
Q

what direction does the inguinal canal travel in?

A

inferomedially

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17
Q

where does the inguinal canal lie?

A

along the superior border of the inguinal ligament

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18
Q

what two things are found in everyones inguinal canal?

A

blood and lymphatic vessels

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19
Q

what nerve is found in the inguinal canal?

A

the ilioinguinal nerve

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20
Q

what is found in the inguinal canal in males?

A

spermatic cord

21
Q

what is found in the inguinal canal in females?

A

the round ligament of the uterus

22
Q

what does the gubernaculum become in an adult male?

A

the testicular ligament

23
Q

what does the gubernaculum become in an adult female?

A

the round ligament of the uterus

24
Q

what abdominal muscle makes no contribution to the spermatic cord?

A

the transversus abdominis

25
Q

what two things make up the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

external oblique aponeurosis

internal oblique muscle

26
Q

what two things make up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

transversalis fascia

conjoint tendon

27
Q

what three things make up the roof of the inguinal canal?

A

transversalis fascia
arches of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis aponeurosis
external oblique aponeurosis

28
Q

what makes up the floor of the inguinal canal?

A

gutter of the infolded inguinal ligament

29
Q

what is the site of direct inguinal herniation called?

A

hesselbach’s triangle

30
Q

what three things make up hesselbach’s triangle?

A

inferior epigastric artery
inguinal ligament
lateral border of the rectus abdominis

31
Q

what are the two types of inguinal hernia?

A

direct and indirect

32
Q

how does a direct inguinal hernia pass through the abdominal wall?

A

it passes directly through the structures of the wall

33
Q

how does an indirect inguinal hernia pass through the abdominal wall?

A

it uses the inguinal canal and the deep inguinal ring

34
Q

what is a hernia?

A

an abnormal protrusion of. a cavity’s contents through a weakness in its wall

35
Q

what is a reducible hernia?

A

one that can be easily pushed back into the abdomen

36
Q

what is an incarcerated/irreducible hernia?

A

one that cannot be manipulated back into the abdomen

37
Q

what is a strangulated hernia?

A

hernia where the vascular supply to the contents is compromised

38
Q

what is an epigastric hernia?

A

a fascial defect in the linea alba between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus

39
Q

what is the main presentation of an epigastric hernia?

A

a midline lump

40
Q

what are risk factors for a paraumbilical hernia?

A

anything that stretches the abdominal wall, such as obesity, pregnancy and ascites

41
Q

how are paraumbilical hernias almost always managed?

A

surgically

42
Q

what is an inguinal hernia?

A

when a loop of the intestine gets stuck in the inguinal hernia

43
Q

where does the inguinal canal start and end?

A

starts at the deep inguinal ring and ends at the superficial inguinal ring

44
Q

what are the three layers of the outside of the spermatic cord?

A

internal spermatic fascia
cremasteric fascia
external spermatic fascia

45
Q

are inguinal hernias more common in men or women?

A

men

46
Q

are the majority of inguinal hernias indirect or direct?

A

indirect

47
Q

are right or left sided inguinal hernias more common?

A

right sided

48
Q

what is the most common complication of a laparotomy?

A

incisional hernia

Y1 Gastrointestinal (48 decks)

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