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Y1 Gastrointestinal > Pathology: Biliary Tree and Pancreas > Flashcards

Pathology: Biliary Tree and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

what is cholelithiasis?

A

gallstones

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2
Q

what is found in normal bile?

A

micelles of cholesterol
phospholipids
bile salts
bilirubin

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3
Q

is cholesterol hydrophobic or hydrophillic?

A

hydrophobic

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4
Q

are bile salts hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophilic

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5
Q

what causes the release of bile into the duodenum?

A

cholecystokinin

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6
Q

what is the role of the gallbladder?

A

it stores and concentrates bile

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7
Q

when do cholesterol gallstones form?

A

when there is an imbalance in the ratio between cholesterol and bile salts, disrupting micelle formation

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8
Q

name four risk factors for cholesterol excess in bile

A

being female
obesity
diabetes
genetics

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9
Q

what are two types of gallstones?

A

cholesterol

pigment

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10
Q

what causes pigment gallstones?

A

an excess of bilirubin which can’t be dissolved by bile salts

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11
Q

what is a mucocele?

A

a mucous cyst

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12
Q

what is cholecystitis?

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

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13
Q

what are the two types of cholecystitis?

A

acute and chronic

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14
Q

what causes acute cholecystitis?

A

gallstones obstructing the outflow of bile

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15
Q

what are three possible complications of acute cholecystitis?

A

empyema
rupture
peritonitis

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16
Q

what does acute cholecystitis cause after 2-3 days?

A

intense adhesions

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17
Q

when can chronic cholecystitis develop?

A

insidiously or after bouts of acute cholecystitis

18
Q

what happens to the gallbladder wall in chronic cholecystitis?

A

it becomes thickened but not distended

19
Q

what type of cancer occurs in the gallbladder?

A

adenocarcinoma

20
Q

what organ can adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder invade?

A

the liver

21
Q

what is the prognosis for adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder like?

A

poor

22
Q

what is carcinoma of the bile ducts called?

A

cholangiocarcinoma

23
Q

name two conditions that are associated with cholangiocarcinoma

A

ulcerative colitis

primary sclerosing cholangitis

24
Q

what does cholangiocarcinoma present with?

A

jaundice

25
Q

what is pancreatitis?

A

inflammation of the pancreas

26
Q

what are the two types of pancreatitis?

A

acute and chronic

27
Q

how does acute pancreatitis present?

A

sudden onset of severe abdominal pain

28
Q

what blood result indicates acute pancreatitis?

A

elevated serum amylase

29
Q

what effect does lipase autodigestion have on the pancreas?

A

intra and peripancreatic fat necrosis

30
Q

what effect does protease autodigestion have on the pancreas?

A

tissue destruction and haemorrhage

31
Q

name four possible complications of acute pancreatitis

A

death
shock
pseudocyst formation
abscess formation

32
Q

name two electrolyte imbalances that acute pancreatitis can cause

A

hypocalcaemia

hyperglycaemia

33
Q

what is chronic pancreatitis?

A

a relapsing disorder that may develop insidiously of after bouts of acute pancreatitis

34
Q

what happens to the pancreas in chronic pancreatitis?

A

pancreas tissue is replaced by inflammation and scar tissue, acini and islets are destroyed

35
Q

name three things associated with carcinoma of the pancreas

A

smoking
diabetes
familial pancreatitis

36
Q

what is the prognosis for pancreatic cancer like?

A

poor

37
Q

where can a carcinoma of the head of the pancreas invade?

A

the duodenal wall

38
Q

what can a carcinoma of the head of the pancreas obstruct?

A

the common bile duct

39
Q

what can a carcinoma of the tail pancreas invade?

A

the spleen

40
Q

where can carcinoma of the pancreas metastasise to via the haematogenous route?

A

the liver

41
Q

name three organs that pancreatic cancer can directly spread to

A

duodenum
stomach
spleen

Y1 Gastrointestinal (48 decks)

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