- Trichinosis - Trichiniasis - Trichinelliasis

- Muscle Biopsy - Bentonite Flocculation Test

Trichenella Spiralis Flashcards by Kyra Catedral

Also known as the

Trichina Worm”, “Pork Worm”

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Is it zoonotic?

Yes

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MALE T.S

Measures 1.4-1.6 mm in length by 40-60 micra in transverse diameter.

______is found at the caudal end which is evertible during coitus.

It is guarded by___ conspicuous conical papillae which clasp the female during copulation.

Spicule is____.

Posterior end of the worm is_____ ventrad

Cloaca

absent

curved

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FEMALE T.S

About 3-4 mm long and 60-80 micra in width.

-____ opens at the anterior fifth of the body.

Has a single_____ which contains larvae.

Vulva

uterus

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Encysted larvae of T.S

measures 100 by 6 micra when extruded by the female worm

• provided with a_____-like burrowing tip at its tapering anterior end

• in the____ muscles, the larva grows to about 0.8-1mm and becomes encrusted along the axis of the muscle fibers

spear

striated

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Phasmid or Aphasmid T.S

Aphasmid

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Hosts of TS

Definitive = Humans & pigs, rats, dogs, bears, foxes walruses and other omnivore and carnivore (swines)

Final host = Humans & pigs, rats, dogs, bears, foxes walruses and other omnivore and carnivore (swines)

Intermediate = Humans & pigs, rats, dogs, bears, foxes walruses and other omnivore and carnivore (swines)

Humans are considered = ________

accidental hosts

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Habitat TS

Small intestine, Tissue

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MOT TS

Ingestion/consumption of raw or undercooked meat of infected animals

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Infective stage TS

Encysted larva

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Diagnostic stage TS

Encysted larva

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Treatment TS

Albendazole
Menendazole

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Diseases of TS

Trichinosis
Trichiniasis
Trichinelliasis

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Diagnosis of TS

Muscle Biopsy
Bentonite Flocculation Test

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German investigators proved that raw or insufficiently cooked meat like____ causes human trichinellosis

pork

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Most important cause of trichinellosis in humans

Most adapted to pigs

Trichinella spiralis

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Second most common species affecting humans
Most widely distributed species among wild animals; can also infect pigs

Trichinella britovi

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Infects primarily wild carnivores in the frigid zones

Trichinella nativa

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Trichenella spiralis is most adapted to

Pigs

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Trichenella britovi is widely distributed to

Wild animals

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Trichenella nativa infects primarily

wild carnivores

Other species affecting humans:

T. murrelli
T. nelsoni
T. papuae
T. zimbabwemsis
T. pseudospiralis

How does it give birth?

Viviparous
Larviparous

Infection is maintained in _____ cycle

pig-to-pig

pig-to-rat-to-pig cycle

EPIDEMIOLOGY Cosmopolitan infection ____country worldwide 10,000 cases/year 0.2% resulting to mortality

_____parasitic nematode to humans ______-like _____in color

Smallest Thread Ivory white

Male Single_____ near the posterior end of the body, joined by genital tube in the mid-body, extends back to the cloaca _____spicule ______: evertible and equipped by__ conspicuous conical papillae (claspers) which clasp the female during copulation

testis No Cloaca; 2

Female ____than the male Single ovary, oviduct, seminal receptable, coiled uterus, vagina, and vulva ____for copulation located at the anterior fifth, ventral side

Bigger Vulva

LARVA Anterior end: spear-like for burrowing ______ similar with adult Reproductive organ not fully developed already possible to identify the___

Digestive tract sex

the only intracellular parasitic nematode

Trichinella spiralis

Capsule =____ capsule ______= where the larva gets its nourishment ______= made up of stichocytes, which is like the esophagus of the parasite

collagen Nurse cell Stichosome

What type of hosts are humans

definitive Final Intermediate

Encysted larvae are released once exposed to_____&____(EXCYSTATION)

gastric acid and pepsin

Newly released larvae invade the small intestine mucosa and undergo___ molting develop to become adult (2 days)

Adult male and female worms copulate ____days post infection After 1 week: female gives birth larvae (LARVIPAROUS)

5-7

ENCYSTATION in the_____ Start of encystation:__ weeks Complete encapsulation:___ wks Life span of encysted larva: ____ yrs

striated muscles 3 4-5 5-40

Life span of adult worm:

4 weeks

Both diagnostic stage, and infective stage

Encysted Larvae

Corresponds to stage of incubation and intestinal invasion

Enteric Phase

Corresponds to stage of larval migration and muscle invasion

Invasion Phase

Corresponds to stage of encystment and encapsulation

convalescent Phase

Diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, abdominal cramps, malaise, nausea

ENTERIC PHASE

Migrating larvae - immunological, pathological, and metabolic reactions Marked Eosinophilia increase histamine Histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, and prostaglandin → increase vascular permeability → tissue edema

INVASION PHASE

Cardiac manifestations:

heart failure, Pericardial pain, tachycardia, ECG abnormalities Pericardial effusion

Neurological manifestations:

(stroke) Meningitis, meningoencephalitis Heavy Infection: ocular disturbances, diplegia, deafness, seizure, and coma

Abatement of symptoms Full recovery: self limited Protean neurologic signs from brain damage may persist

CONVALESCENT PHASE

DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSIS

Demonstration of encysted larva through muscle biopsy like the grastrocnemius muscle

DEMONSTRATION OF LARVAE IN THE BLOOD Venous blood

Knott concentration technique Membrane filtration technique

screening test confirmatory test Low reactivity, not a favored test Primarily used to diagnose trichinellosis infection

ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoassay) Western Blot Bentonite Flocculation Test

SUPPORTIVE TREATMENT – to address pain (i.e., muscle pain) – to address fever : control hypersensitivity reactions to larvae

Analgesics Anti-pyretics Steroids