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Parasitology Lec > Trichenella Spiralis > Flashcards

Trichenella Spiralis Flashcards

1
Q

Also known as the

A

Trichina Worm”, “Pork Worm”

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2
Q

Is it zoonotic?

A

Yes

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3
Q

MALE T.S

Measures 1.4-1.6 mm in length by 40-60 micra in transverse diameter.

______is found at the caudal end which is evertible during coitus.

It is guarded by___ conspicuous conical papillae which clasp the female during copulation.

Spicule is____.

Posterior end of the worm is_____ ventrad

A

Cloaca

2

absent

curved

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4
Q

FEMALE T.S

  • About 3-4 mm long and 60-80 micra in width.

-____ opens at the anterior fifth of the body.

  • Has a single_____ which contains larvae.
A

Vulva

uterus

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5
Q

Encysted larvae of T.S

measures 100 by 6 micra when extruded by the female worm

• provided with a_____-like burrowing tip at its tapering anterior end

• in the____ muscles, the larva grows to about 0.8-1mm and becomes encrusted along the axis of the muscle fibers

A

spear

striated

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6
Q

Phasmid or Aphasmid T.S

A

Aphasmid

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7
Q

Hosts of TS

Definitive = Humans & pigs, rats, dogs, bears, foxes walruses and other omnivore and carnivore (swines)

Final host = Humans & pigs, rats, dogs, bears, foxes walruses and other omnivore and carnivore (swines)

Intermediate = Humans & pigs, rats, dogs, bears, foxes walruses and other omnivore and carnivore (swines)

Humans are considered = ________

A

accidental hosts

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8
Q

Habitat TS

A

Small intestine, Tissue

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9
Q

MOT TS

A

Ingestion/consumption of raw or undercooked meat of infected animals

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10
Q

Infective stage TS

A

Encysted larva

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11
Q

Diagnostic stage TS

A

Encysted larva

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12
Q

Treatment TS

A

Albendazole
Menendazole

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13
Q

Diseases of TS

A
  • Trichinosis
  • Trichiniasis
  • Trichinelliasis
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14
Q

Diagnosis of TS

A
  • Muscle Biopsy
  • Bentonite Flocculation Test
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15
Q

German investigators proved that raw or insufficiently cooked meat like____ causes human trichinellosis

A

pork

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16
Q

Most important cause of trichinellosis in humans

Most adapted to pigs

A

Trichinella spiralis

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17
Q

Second most common species affecting humans
Most widely distributed species among wild animals; can also infect pigs

A

Trichinella britovi

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18
Q

Infects primarily wild carnivores in the frigid zones

A

Trichinella nativa

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19
Q

Trichenella spiralis is most adapted to

A

Pigs

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20
Q

Trichenella britovi is widely distributed to

A

Wild animals

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21
Q

Trichenella nativa infects primarily

A

wild carnivores

22
Q

Other species affecting humans:

A

T. murrelli
T. nelsoni
T. papuae
T. zimbabwemsis
T. pseudospiralis

23
Q

How does it give birth?

A

Viviparous
Larviparous

24
Q

Infection is maintained in _____ cycle

A

pig-to-pig

pig-to-rat-to-pig cycle

25
Q

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Cosmopolitan infection
____country worldwide
10,000 cases/year
0.2% resulting to mortality

A

55

26
Q

_____parasitic nematode to humans

______-like

_____in color

A

Smallest
Thread
Ivory white

27
Q

Male

Single_____ near the posterior end of the body, joined by genital tube in the mid-body, extends back to the cloaca
_____spicule
______: evertible and equipped by__ conspicuous conical papillae (claspers) which clasp the female during copulation

A

testis

No

Cloaca; 2

28
Q

Female

____than the male
Single ovary, oviduct, seminal receptable, coiled uterus, vagina, and vulva
____for copulation located at the anterior fifth, ventral side

A

Bigger

Vulva

29
Q

LARVA

Anterior end: spear-like for burrowing

______ similar with adult

Reproductive organ not fully developed already possible to identify the___

A

Digestive tract

sex

30
Q

the only intracellular parasitic nematode

A

Trichinella spiralis

31
Q

Capsule =____ capsule

______= where the larva gets its nourishment

______= made up of stichocytes, which is like the esophagus of the parasite

A

collagen

Nurse cell

Stichosome

32
Q

What type of hosts are humans

A

definitive
Final
Intermediate

33
Q

Encysted larvae are released once exposed to_____&____(EXCYSTATION)

A

gastric acid and pepsin

34
Q

Newly released larvae invade the small intestine mucosa and undergo___ molting

develop to become adult (2 days)

A

4

35
Q

Adult male and female worms copulate ____days post infection

After 1 week: female gives birth larvae (LARVIPAROUS)

A

5-7

36
Q

ENCYSTATION in the_____

Start of encystation:__ weeks
Complete encapsulation:___ wks
Life span of encysted larva: ____ yrs

A

striated muscles

3

4-5

5-40

37
Q

Life span of adult worm:

A

4 weeks

38
Q

Both diagnostic stage, and infective stage

A

Encysted Larvae

39
Q

Corresponds to stage of incubation and intestinal invasion

A

Enteric Phase

40
Q

Corresponds to stage of larval migration and muscle invasion

A

Invasion Phase

41
Q

Corresponds to stage of encystment and encapsulation

A

convalescent Phase

42
Q

Diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, abdominal cramps, malaise, nausea

A

ENTERIC PHASE

43
Q

Migrating larvae - immunological, pathological, and metabolic reactions

Marked Eosinophilia
increase histamine
Histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, and prostaglandin → increase vascular permeability → tissue edema

A

INVASION PHASE

44
Q

Cardiac manifestations:

A

heart failure, Pericardial pain, tachycardia, ECG abnormalities
Pericardial effusion

45
Q

Neurological manifestations:

A

(stroke)
Meningitis, meningoencephalitis
Heavy Infection: ocular disturbances, diplegia, deafness, seizure, and coma

46
Q

Abatement of symptoms
Full recovery: self limited
Protean neurologic signs from brain damage may persist

A

CONVALESCENT PHASE

47
Q

DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSIS

A

Demonstration of encysted larva through muscle biopsy like the grastrocnemius muscle

48
Q

DEMONSTRATION OF LARVAE IN THE BLOOD

Venous blood

A

Knott concentration technique
Membrane filtration technique

49
Q

screening test

confirmatory test

Low reactivity, not a favored test
Primarily used to diagnose trichinellosis infection

A

ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoassay)

Western Blot

Bentonite Flocculation Test

50
Q

SUPPORTIVE TREATMENT

– to address pain (i.e., muscle pain)
– to address fever
: control hypersensitivity reactions to larvae

A

Analgesics

Anti-pyretics

Steroids

Parasitology Lec (31 decks)

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