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Parasitology Lec > Nematodes 1 > Flashcards

Nematodes 1 Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of helminths

A

Nemathelminths
Platyhelminths

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2
Q

2 Platyhelminths

A

Trematodes
Cestodes

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3
Q

Common name:________
Elongated and cylindrical in shape, with bilateral symmetry
Non-segmented
Rounded anterior end; tapered posterior end

A

roundworm

Nematode

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4
Q

Color of nematodes

A

Light cream-white in color
Pinkish= well-nourished

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5
Q

Body wall of nematodes

A

Cuticle = outermost layer
Hypodermis
Somatic musculature = innermost layer

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6
Q

Covered by tough, elastic protective covering

Metabolically active and periodically undergoes molting

A

cuticle

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7
Q

4 LAYERS OF THE CUTICLE

A

Epicuticle
Exocuticle
Mesocuticle
Endocuticle

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8
Q

Epicuticle:
thin, protective barrier that contains______

A

glycocalyx

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9
Q

with obliquely oriented collagenous, fibrous sublayers that can shift angles of orientation, thus, providing flexibility to the cuticle

A

Mesocuticle

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10
Q

fibrous layer but orientation of fibers is indistinct

A

Endocuticle

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11
Q

Structure that separates the cuticle from the underlying hypodermis

A

Basal Lamina

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12
Q

Thin, cellular structure that secretes the cuticle
Gives rise to the entire layer of the cuticle

A

Hypodermis

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13
Q

Protrudes into the pseudocoelom (cavity; internal to the nematode) along the mid-dorsal, mid-ventral, and lateral lines

A

Hypodermis

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14
Q

Hypodermal chords

A

Lateral cords: excretory canal
Important in the excretion of metabolic products
Dorsal and ventral cords: longitudinal nerve trunks

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15
Q

One or more layers of longitudinally arranged muscle cells
Function: Probing and penetrating motion

A

somatic musculature

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16
Q

3 Types of somatic musculature

A

Polymyarian
Holomyarian
Meromyarian

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17
Q

= more than 5 groups of muscle
= 1-2 groups of muscle
= 2-5 groups of muscle

A

Polymyarian

Holomyarian

Meromyarian

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18
Q

Cavity that contains fluid called hemolymph which bathes the internal organs
Offers protection by acting as a cushion
Acts as a hydrostatic skeleton, providing support and rigidity

A

Pseudocoelom

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19
Q

T or F

Nematodes have a complete digestive tract?

A

Yuh

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20
Q

3 parts of GUT

A

Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

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21
Q

Digestive tract of nematodes

A

Gut
Cloaca/ anus
Subterminal vent

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22
Q

Mouth
Nematodes have___ lips

Pharynx:______
Esophagus: may be equipped with muscular enlargement called_____ (most posterior portion of the foregut)

A

FOREGUT

3

triradiate (3 radiations)

bulbs

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23
Q

Intestine

A

MIDGUT

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24
Q

HINDGUT
Male:
Female:

A

cloaca

rectum → anus

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25
Q

where the fecal material and the ejaculatory duct are contained in male

A

cloaca

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26
Q

2 major nerve centers

A

Circumesophageal commissure or nerve ring

Rectal commissure

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27
Q

at the anterior portion

Corresponds to the brain (CNS) of the nematode

Ganglia from longitudinal nerves

A

Circumesophageal commissure or nerve ring

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28
Q

at the posterior end

Ganglia from ventral longitudinal nerve

A

Rectal commissure

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29
Q

Receptors of the NS

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
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30
Q

Receptor
Located around the mouth

A

Mechanoreceptor

31
Q

Types of mechanoreceptors

lips surrounding the mouth

behind the lips

A

Labial papilla:
Cephalic papilla:

32
Q

2 types of chemoreceptors

anteriorly located
posteriorly located

A

Amphids:
Phasmids:

33
Q

Class of nematode containing sensory organs at the anterior end

A

APHASMIDS
Aphasmidea

34
Q

Ex of aphasmids

A

Trichinella spiralis
Trichuris trichiura
Capillaria philippinensis

35
Q

Class of nematode containing sensory organs at the caudal end

A

PHASMIDS
Phasmidea

36
Q

Ex of phasmids

A

Hookworms
Ascaris lumbricoides
Strongyloides stercoralis
Enterobius vermicularis
Filarial worms

37
Q

T or F

Nematodes are dioecious

A

TRUE!

38
Q

: even in the absence of a male, a female adult nematode can procreate (asexual reproduction)

A

parthenogenetic

39
Q

Sexes are separate

There are male and female

A

Dioecious

40
Q

______are curved posteriorly
______are flat posteriorly

A

Males

Females

41
Q

MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN

_____tubule
______testes its smaller end

Extends into a vas deferens and seminal vesicle

Terminates in an ejaculatory duct opening into the cloaca (combination of hindgut/posterior portion of GIT and ejaculatory duct)

A

Single

One or two

42
Q

: guides the spicules when extended

A

Gubernaculum

43
Q

Penis of male nematodes

A

Spicule

44
Q

T or F

Sperm has a flagella or acrosomes (mmotile)

A

FALSE!!!

Sperm has no flagella or acrosomes (immotile)

45
Q

T or F

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN

Usually, didelphic (has left & right ovaries)

Two cylindrical ovaries which expand into uteri

A

TRUEE

46
Q

Female reproductive organ

______unite to form a common vagina
Single______ or vulva

A

Uteri

gonophore

47
Q

Opening of the reproductive organ to the exterior

Frequently located near the middle of the body

Varies in position between species

A

Single gonophore or vulva

48
Q

: being fertilized in the spermatheca

= area where fertilization occurs

A

Oogonia

Spermatheca

49
Q

Basic component of the excretory system

Large unicellular gland that empties through an excretory pore

A

Renettes

50
Q

Stages of nematodes

A

Adult: diagnostic stage
Ova: infective stage
Larva: infective stage

51
Q

Modes of transmission

IISMIA

A

Ingestion of embryonated eggs
Ingestion of infective larvae
Skin penetration
Mosquito borne
Inhalation
Autoinfection

52
Q

Ex

Ingestion of embryonated egg

A

Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Enterobius vermicularis

53
Q

Ex

Ingestion of infective larvae

A

Capillaria philippinensis
Trichinella spiralis
Parastrongylus cantonensis

54
Q

Ex

Skin Penetration

A

Hookworms
Strongyloides stercoralis

55
Q

Ex

Mosquito-borne

A

Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi

56
Q

Ex

Inhalation

A

Enterobius vermicularis
Ascaris lumbricoides

57
Q

Ex

Autoinfection

A

Capillaria philippinesis
Strongyloides stercoralis
Enterobius vermicularis

58
Q

: most of the nematodes

Produce egg, and the young hatches after being expelled from the body
Most common form in terms of production

A

Oviparous

59
Q

Brings forth live young that have developed inside the body of the adult female nematode

A

Viviparous

60
Q

Development of a female (rarely a male) gamete (sex cell) without fertilization
Asexual reproduction

A

Parthenogenetic

61
Q

Ex

Small Intestine
CHATS

A

Capillaria philippinensis
Hookworms
Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichinella spiralis
Strongyloides stercoralis

62
Q

Large Intestine (Colon)

ET

A

Enterobius vermicularis (pruritus ani)

Trichuris trichiura (rectal prolapse)

63
Q

Tissue

FT GD

A

Filarial worms
Trichinella spiralis
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Dirofilaria immitis

64
Q

Larva Migrans in Man

DAAA

A

Dracunculus medinensis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Ancylostoma caninum
Ancylostoma brazilense

65
Q

Larval stages preceding each molt of the 4 molts in the life cycle are generally referred to as

A

L1, L2, L3, L4

66
Q

MOLTING

FLRE

A

Formation of new cuticle
Loosening of the old cuticle
Rupturing of the old cuticle
Escape of the larva

67
Q

: control the sequence of events of molting

Patients in steroids are prone to hyperinfection or hyperparasitism since steroids promote the molting of the larva

A

Exsheathing fluid

68
Q

First stage larva of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms

Esophagus has terminal esophageal bulb

A

Rhabditiform Larva

69
Q

L3 of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms

Long esophagus, no terminal bulb

Usually, infective stage to the definitive host

A

Filariform Larva

70
Q

Prelarval form of filarial worms

A

Microfilaria

71
Q

Stages of larva

A

Rhabditiform
Filariform
Mrcrofilaria

72
Q

Developmental arrest
Lag phase at some stage of development - life cycle is temporarily arrested
Adaptation to withstand adverse environmental conditions while waiting for the host

A

Hypobiosis

73
Q

APHASMID (anterior) (CaTT)

A

Capillaria philippinensis
Trichinella spiralis
Trichuris trichiura

Parasitology Lec (31 decks)

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