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Parasitology Lec > Intro Prt 2 > Flashcards

Intro Prt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

SPECIAL TYPES OF INFECTION

A
  1. Autoinfection
  2. Hyperinfection or Superinfection
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2
Q

Infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

A

Autoinfection

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3
Q

Ex. Enterobiasis through hand-to-mouth transmission - In enterobiasis, infection may occur through hand-to-mouth transmission.

Infective eggs may end up in the hands by scratching the perianal areas where the gravid females lay their eggs.

A

Autoinfection

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4
Q

Infected individual is further infected with same species leading to massive infection

A

Hyperinfection or Superinfection

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5
Q

Ex. Capillaria philippinensis, Strongyloides stercoralis -

An alteration in the normal life cycle of Strongyloides results in a large increase in worm burden, which may lead to severe debilitation or even death due to an increase in the proportion of rhabditiform larvae that transform into filariform larvae while in the gut.

A

Hyperinfection or Superinfection

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6
Q

Female adult worms can be OVIPAROUS or LARVIPAROUS

A

Hyperinfection
Superinfection

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7
Q

There are no males in the parasitic portion of the life-cycle.

A

parasitic
(parthenogenetic)

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8
Q

_______adult female worm undergo_______meaning, the adult female worm produces embryonated eggs even in the absence of an adult male worm, even if thereis no fertilization.

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

parthenogenesis

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9
Q

The egg may hatch even inside the intestine liberating rhabdiliform larva that may also further develops to become filariform larva this filariform nerve penetrates the intestinal mucosa or perianal skin and migrate back to the small intestine to become an adult worm. This cycle repeats again and again and again resulting to________.

A

hyperinfection

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10
Q

AGENTS OF TRANSMISSION

A

Vehicle/ Fomites

Vector

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11
Q

AGENTS OF TRANSMISSION
•: non-living entity
•: living entity

A

Vehicle or Fomites

Vector

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12
Q

transports pathogens plus plays a role in the life cvcle of pathogen

A

Biological Vector

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13
Q

While carrying and transporting the organism develops further or even reproduces inside the vector

A

Biological Vector

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14
Q

(Malaria inside mosquito)

A

Biological vector

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15
Q

organism that only transports a pathogen

A

Mechanical Vector

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16
Q

(Flies, cockroaches that feed on fecal material with parasites)

A

Mechanical vector

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17
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION

PPACISB

A

Peroral
Percutaneous
Arthropod vector
Congenital transmission
Inhalation of Airborne eggs
Sexual intercourse
Blood-borne transmission

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18
Q

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

(Contaminated Food and Water): MC source; majority of cestodes, trematodes and intestinal protozoans like amoeba

A

Peroral

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19
Q

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

hookworm, strongyloides, schistosoma

A

Percutaneous (Skin Penetration)

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20
Q

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

: malaria, filaria, leishmania, trypanosoma

A

Arthropod Vector

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21
Q

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

toxoplasma (transplacental), ancylostoma and strongyloides (transmammary)

A

Congenital
Transmission

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22
Q

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

: enterobius

A

Inhalation of Airborne Eggs

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23
Q

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

: Trichomona vaginalis, giardia, entamoeba

A

Sexual Intercourse

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24
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION

: malaria

A

Blood-borne Transmission

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25
Q

DIRECT EFFECTS

MTEIN

A

Mechanical injury
Traumatic damage
Enzymatic interference
Invasion and destruction
Nutrient deprivation

26
Q

May be inflicted by a parasite by means of pressure)as it grows larger

A

Mechanical Injury

27
Q

Hydatid cyst causes blockage blood vessels producing infraction to different organs like liver, lungs, muscle, and other parts of the body

A

Mechanical Injury

28
Q

Insect bite causes skin lesions or an ascaris lumbricoides heavy infection causing obstruction of the intestine wc needs surgical intervention

A

Traumatic Damage

29
Q

E. histolytica trophozoites secrete______ proteases which digest cellular material in the colon and may consequently result to amoebic ulcer

A

Enzymatic Interference

cysteine

30
Q

Invasion and Destruction

______invades RBC -› RBC rupture

__________to liver -› granuloma formation

_______destroying intestinal villi

A

Plasmodium

Schistosoma japonicum

Hookworms

31
Q

• D. latum competes with host Vit B12 supply -> megaloblastic anemia

A

Nutrient Deprivation

32
Q

INDIRECT EFFECTS

A

Excessive proliferation of certain tissues due to invasion by some parasites can also cause tissue damage in man

Tissue damage may be caused by immunological response of the host

33
Q

MECHANISM OF IMMUNE EVASION

HAII

A

Host mimicry
Antigenic variat
Immune suppression
Intracellular sequestration

34
Q

E. histolytica produces Suppressor factor that inhibits monocyte movement

A

Immune Suppression

35
Q

Surface protein variation in T. brucei gambiense

A

Antigenic Variation

36
Q

• E. granulosus carries blood group antigens

A

Host Mimicry

37
Q

T. gondii multiplies inside macrophages

A

Intracellular Sequestration

38
Q

EFFECTS OF HOST ON THE PARASITE

SDH

A

Sickle cell disease
Duffy blood group sytem
High protein diet

39
Q

:
• protection against P. falcifarum malaria

A

Sickle cell disease

40
Q

:
increases susceptibility to P. vivax malaria

A

Duffy blood group system

41
Q

not suitable for intestinal protozoan development

A

High protein diet

42
Q
  • The stage in the life cycle at which the parasite is able to initiate an infection to its host.
A

INFECTIVE STAGE

43
Q
  • is the life cycle stage that (exits the definitive host found in specimen like feces, urine, or biopsy sample.
A

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE

44
Q

Life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides

Unfertilized egg & fertilized unembryonated egg, adult worms recovered in feces =

Embyronated egg =

A

diagnostic stage

infective stage

45
Q

Between infection and evidence of
symptoms

A

Clinical Incubation Period/Incubation Period

46
Q

infection and demonstration of
infection by laboratory means (there is laboratory testing invloved)

A

Biological Incubation Period/Pre-Patent Period

47
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF PARASITES

A

Helminths
Protozoans
Arthropods

48
Q

Helminths are

A

Multicellular

49
Q

2 types of Helminths

A

Platyhelminths

Nemathelminths

50
Q

Platyhelminths (Flatworms)

A
  1. Class: Trematoda (Flukes)
  2. Class: Cestoda (Tapeworms)
51
Q
  1. Class:_____ (Flukes)
  2. Class:_____ (Tapeworms)
A

Trematoda

Cestoda

52
Q

Nemathelminths
1. Class:______ (Roundworms)

53
Q

Protozoans are

A

Unicellular

54
Q
  • Flat and Segmented
55
Q
  • Flat and Unsegmented
56
Q

4 main divisions of protozoas

SCAM

A

Sarcodina
Ciliophora
Apicomplexa
Mastigophora

57
Q
  • parasites that contain an apical structure that is used for burrowing a cell so that the parasite can get inside the cell
A

Apicomplexa

58
Q
  • uses flagellate as locomotory apparatus
A

Mastigophora

59
Q
  • uses pseudopods as locomotory apparatus just like an amoeba
60
Q
  • uses ciliates for locomotion
A

Ciliophora

61
Q

= the onlv medicallv
important parasite (that uses ciliates)

A

Balantidium coli

Parasitology Lec (31 decks)

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