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Parasitology Lec > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

1
Q

SUBPHYLUM SARCODINA

A

Acanthamoeba castellani
Endolimax nana
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba dispar
Entamoeba gingivalis
Entamoeba histolytica
Iodamoeba butschlit
Naegleria fowleri

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2
Q

MASTIGOPHORA

Intestinal flagellates

A

Chilomastix mesnili
Dientamoeba fragilis
Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas hominis
Trichomonas tenax
Trichomonas vaginalis

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3
Q

MASTIGOPHORA
HEMOFLAGELLATES

A

Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmania donovani
Leishmania tropica
Trypanosoma brucei complex

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4
Q

PHYLUM CILIOPHORA

A

Balantidium coli

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5
Q

APICOMPLEXA

A

Babesia spp.
Cryptosporidium hominis
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Cystoisospora belli
Plasmodium spp.
Toxoplasma gondi

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6
Q

MICROSPORA

A

Encephalitozoon
Enterocytozcon
Pleistophora
Nosema
Brachiola
Vittaforma
Trachipleistophora

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7
Q

Sarcodina
Amoeba

Na walay cystic stage

A

E gingivalis

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8
Q

All amoebas inhabit the intestine except

A

E gingivalis

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9
Q

All amoebas are commensals except

A

E histolytica

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10
Q

: morphologic conversion from the cyst to the trophozoite in the ileocecal area of the intestine

A

Excystation

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11
Q

: conversion of trophozoites to cysts when environment becomes unacceptable for continued trophozoite multiplication

A

Encystation

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12
Q

• Non-motile
• Non-feeding stage
• INFECTIVE STAGE

A

CYSTS

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13
Q

• Frequently found in formed stools
• May be studied in fresh condition by staining with D’ Antoni’s Iodine stain, but more satisfactory method is to stain permanent preparations with iron hematoxylin

A

Cysts

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14
Q

:
• Motile
• Feeding stage
• VEGETATIVE stage

A

TROPHOZOITES

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15
Q

• Found in diarrheal and liquid stools
• Ameba excreted as trophs cannot mature to cysts

A

Trophozoite

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16
Q

If the organism is genus______ (true ameba) peripheral chromatin (visible nuclear membrane in both trophozoite and cyst) and chromatoidal bodies in cysts only

A

Entamoeba

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17
Q

• If the organism is genus_____ or _____ (other ameba) - neither possesses peripheral chromatin nor chromatoidal bodies

A

Endolimax or Iodamoeba

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18
Q

: thin layer supporting the cell membrane that provides protection, flexibility, elasticity, and sometimes rigidity

A

Pellicle

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19
Q

: osmoregulatory organelles that imbibe fluid from the environment, and transport waste products from inside the cell to the outside

A

Contractile vacuoles

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20
Q

: aggregate of RNA in the cytoplasm found in cyst stage

A

Chromatoidal bodies

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21
Q

• Dividing stage

• Feeding stage

A

Trophozoite (Mature Stage)

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22
Q

• Formed by excystation

• Isolated from watery stool

A

Troph

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23
Q

• Active and growing stage that absorbs nutrients from the host, or may be free-living

• Oval to irregular-shaped, motile, disease-causing stage

A

Troph

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24
Q

• Spherical-shaped, covered with thick, and tough cyst wall, with chromatoidal bar

• Infective stage, non-motile, nonfeeding

A

Cysts (Immature Stage)

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25
Q

• Inactive stage that helps to survive in unfavorable environmental conditions, and resists desiccation

A

Cyst

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26
Q

Formed by encystation

• Isolated from formed stool

A

Cyst

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27
Q

: one parasite divides either longitudinally or transversely into two daughter parasites

A

Simple binary fission

28
Q

: one parasite undergoes multiple rounds of nuclear division without cytoplasmic division, followed by segmentation to form a large number of daughter cells

A

Multiple fission (schizogony)

29
Q

• Vesicular nucleus

• Varying numbers of chromatin granules adhering to nuclear membrane

• Karyosome: centrally or near centrally located

A

Genus Entamoeba

30
Q

• Unstained:

progressive motility

hyaline pseudopodia

with ingested RBC

no ingested bacteria

nuclei not visible

A

Entamoeba histolytica

31
Q

Stained: clear differentiation of ectoplasm and endoplasm,

• Nucleus: Fine uniform granules of peripheral chromatin

small central karyosome in nucleus

with ingested RBC

A

E histolytica

32
Q

• Unstained: sluggish

non-directional motility

short granular pseudopodia

with ingested bacteria

visible nucleus

A

Entamoeba coli

33
Q

Stained: granular cytoplasm without much differentiation of ectoplasm and endoplasm

bacteria in food vacuoles

• Nucleus:
irregular clumps of peripheral chromatin

large, irregular eccentric karyosome

34
Q

• Unstained: 1-4 nuclei, rodlike chromatoidal bars

• Stained: 1-4 nuclei,

• Nucleus: fine uniform peripheral chromatin, small central karyosome, chromatoidal bars with rounded or squared ends

A

Entamoeba histolytica

35
Q

Unstained: 1-8 nuclei, glycogen mass surrounding nuclei (iodine stains)

• Stained: 1-8 nuclei

• Nucleus: irregular clumps of peripheral chromatin, large, irregular eccentric karyosome, splinter-shaped or irregular chromatoidal bodies

36
Q

• Unstained: Not characteristic

• Stained: Ovoid-shaped

• Nucleus: with large karyosome, generally little to no peripheral chromatin

A

Endolimax nana

37
Q

Unstained: Not characteristic

Stained:

Nucleus: large central karyosome surrounded by a ring of small chromatin granules

A

Iodamoeba butschlii

38
Q

• Unstained: Ovoid-shaped

Stained

Nucleus: 4 nuclei with large karyosomes, little to no peripheral chromatin

A

Endolimax nana

39
Q

Histolytica

Differentiated through isoenzyme analysis

A

polymerase chain reaction (PCR

restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

typing with monoclonal antibodies

40
Q

Histolytica

Infective stage:

• Diagnostic stage:

A

quadrinucleated cyst

trophozoite, cyst

41
Q

Histolytica

Transmission:

A

Ingestion, Sexual

Direct colonic inoculation through contaminated enema equipment

42
Q

Histolytica

• Excystation:

• Encystation:

A

Small intestine

Large intestine

43
Q

Histolytica

Habitat:

A

Large intestine

44
Q

Third most important parasitic disease (after malaria and schistosomiasis)

• Second top cause of mortality among parasitic protozoans (after malaria)

A

Histolytica

45
Q

Histolytica

Multiple by

A

binary fission

46
Q

Steps Involved in Amoebic Killing of Host Cells

  1. Receptor-mediated adherence of amoebae to target cells
    • Mediated by amoebal galactose-inhibitable adherence_____
  2. Amoebic cytolysis of target cells
    • Pore-forming protein amoebapore, lipases,_______
    • Activation of_____ resulting to apoptosis
  3. Amoebic phagocytosis of killed target cells
A

lectin

cysteine proteases

caspase-3

47
Q

• Gradual onset of abdominal pain and diarrhea with or without blood and mucus in the stool

• Fever in 1/3 of patients

• Some has diarrhea alternating with constipation

• Fulminant case: severe bloody diarrhea, fever and abdominal pain

A

• Amoebic colitis

48
Q

• 60% of fulminant cases may result to serious complications like intestinal perforation and secondary bacterial peritonitis

A

Amoebic colitis

49
Q

• In less than 1% of intestinal infections

• Chronic granulomatous lesion, presenting as mass-like lesion with abdominal pain and history of dysentery

• Mistaken as cancer

50
Q

• Most common extra-intestinal amoebiasis

• Acute (<2 weeks): Fever, right upper quadrant pain

• Chronic (>2 weeks): significant weight loss

• Anchovy sauce-like content of abscess

A

Amoebic Liver Abscess

51
Q

Microscopic detection of trophozoites and cysts

• Direct fecal smear with saline solution to observe characteristic motility

• Stain with______ to differentiate amoeba from WBC;

_______ to differentiate E. histolytica from other non-pathogenic amoeba

A

methylene blue

iodine stain

52
Q

Histolytica

*fresh stool specimen should be examined within_____ minutes after defecation

• Diagnostic:_____ with ingested RBC

A

30

Trophozite

53
Q

• More sensitive than DFS for detection of cysts

A

Concentration Methods (Formalin Ether/Ethyl Acetate Concentration Test, Merthiolate Iodine Formalin Concentration Test)

54
Q

• More sensitive than stool microscopy but not routinely available

A

Stool Culture using Robinson’s and Inoki medium

55
Q

Detection of_____ in the serum

• Key in the diagnosis of amoebic liver abscess

A

antibodies

56
Q

Cure invasive disease at both intestinal and extraintestinal sites

A

Metronidazole

57
Q

Histolytica
Dispar
Moshkovski

Differentiated only by

A

PCR, ELISA, or isoenzyme analysis

58
Q

• Cosmopolitan in distribution

• More common than other human amoebae

A

Entamoeba coli

59
Q

Entamoeba polecki Entamoeba chattoni

• Parasite found in the intestines of (2)
• Rarely affects humans

A

pigs and monkeys

60
Q

Nucleus: large central pleomorphic karyosome with evenly distributed peripheral chromatin, or peripheral chromatin massed at one or both poles, inclusion masses, chromatoidal bars with angular or pointed ends

A

Entamoeba polecki Entamoeba chattoni

61
Q

• Unstained: Not characteristic
• Stained: Ovoid-shaped
• Nucleus: with large karyosome, generally little to no peripheral chromatin

Unstained: Ovoid-shaped
• Stained:
• Nucleus: 4 nuclei with large karyosomes, little to no peripheral chromatin

A

Endolimax nana

62
Q

• Unstained: Not characteristic
• Stained:
• Nucleus: large central karyosome surrounded by a ring of small chromatin granules

Unstained: large refractile body in cytoplasm, single nucleus
• Stained:
• Nucleus: large central karyosome surrounded by a ring of small chromatin granules

A

lodamoeba butschlii

63
Q

Gingivalis

Transmission

A

Transmission: kissing, droplet spray, sharing utensils

64
Q

Primary meningi encephalitis

65
Q

Secondary meningi encephalitis

A

Histolytica

66
Q

Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

A

Cantonensis

Parasitology Lec (31 decks)

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