Intro Flashcards
: organisms living together
Symbionts
: association/relationship of two or more organisms living together of unlike organisms
Symbiosis
3 Major Symbiotic Relationships:
1) Mutualism
2) Commensalism
3) Parasitism
Biological relationship between two or more organisms when both the host and organism benefit from one another
Mutualism
Flagellates inside the digestive system of termites
Mutualism
The_____ inside the GIT of the termite digest the wood producing by-products that are digestible and readily assimilated by both the termite and the flagellates. In this case, both the organisms are mutually benefiting from each other.
flagellates
Lactobacilli in women’s urogenital tract
Mutualism
-one organism benefits but there is NO - beneficial or - harmful effect to the host
Commensalism
a protozoa that thrives in the human gut. It eats the bacteria and other artifacts in the human gut.
Nevertheless, it is neither harmful nor beneficial to the human host.
Entamoeba coli
Commensalism
- One species (microbe) benefits at the expense atat the other
Parasitism
= living organism that takes nourishment and other needs through contact with another species
Parasite
= organism that supports parasite (nourishment) and later develops a disease
Host
derives nutrients from human host causing intestinal ulcers and dysentery
Entamoeba histolytica
Parasitism
Feeds on important items of intestine causing various illnesses
Ascaris lumbricoides
Parasitism
_____shaped ulcer typical of amoebic ulcer
flask
Study of parasites
Parasitology
Concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another
Parasitology
restricted to studying of humans, their geographic in or on the body caused by them, clinical distribution, the diseases response generated by humans picture, and the that affect humans either against them.
Medical parasitology or Human parasitology:
: parasitic infection is found in man alone (humans only)
Anthroponosis
: parasitic infections mainly affect man; animals become infected in life cycle of parasite line in taenia saginata or taenia solium)
Zooanthroponosis
: parasitic infection is mainly in
animal, may be acquired by man as in (echinococcus granulosus)
Anthropozonosis
Classification of parasites is based on
Location
Need of host
Location
Endoparasite
Ectoparasite
a parasitic organism that lives on the outer surface of its host
Ectoparasites
Ectoparasites
lice (head & pubic), ticks, mites etc.
parasites that live inside the body of their host
Endoparasites
Endoparasites
E.g. Entamoeba histolytica and Ascaris lumbricoides
: presence of ectoparasites
Infestation
: presence of endoparasites
Infection
Completely dependent on the host during a segment or all of its life cycle
Obligate parasite
It cannot complete its life cycle without the host
Ex: Plasmodium spp. - causes malaria; need ______ and _______to develop and reproduce
Obligate parasite
mosquito and humans
Exhibits both parasitic and non-parasitic modes of living and hence does NOT absolutely depend on the parasitic way of life, but is capable of adapting to it if placed on a host
Facultative Parasite
Can develop inside or outside the host
Ex: Strongyloides stercoralis
Facultative parasite
may exist in Free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises
facultative parasite
Other types of parasites
Accidental
Erratic
Intermittent
Permanent
Spurious
Pseudoparasite
Hyperparasite
parasite attacks an unnatural host and survives but may or may not complete life cycle
Accidental/Incidental Parasite
establishes itself in a nost where it does not ordinarily live
Accidental parasites
: accidental parasite; (normally attacks canines)
“Echinococcus granulosus
Accidental host of Echinococcus granulosus
Humans
found not in its usual habitat
parasite that wanders into an organ in which it is not usually found
Erratic or Aberrant Parasite
in humans = lives inside the small intestine but can crawl to the pancreatic duct causing pancreatitis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Erratic
= usually thrives in the colon but may reach the liver or lungs causing amoebic liver abscess or amoebic lung abscess or empyema
Entamoeba histolytica
Erratic
those that only visit the host from time to time for feeding
Intermittent or Temporary Parasites
Ex:/mosquito pregnant female mosquito will not forever attach and live on the human host, it just visits the host during feeding
Intermittent parasites
remains on the host for life
Ex: Trypanosomes. Wuchereria,Filaria
Permanent Parasite
organisms that have been swallowed and passed through the alimentary tract (GIT) without causing any effect
not cause disease medical disorders
Spurious or Coprozoic Parasite
Terms used to mean an artifact but mistaken as parasite (NOT a true parasite)
Pseudoparasite
o
Parasite that parasitizes another parasite
Hyperparasite
Female ixodes angustus tick = parasite to humans;
Male tick = hyperparasite as it parasitizes the female tick
Hyperparasite
TYPES OF HOSTS
Definitive
Intermediate
a host that harbors a parasite in the adult stage or where the parasite undergoes a sexual reproduction
Definitive host
Definitive or intermediate
- Ex. Humans in taeniasis
Definitive
harbors the Larval stages of the parasite or an asexual cycle of development takes place
Intermediate Host
Definitive or intermediate
Ex. Pigs in T. solium, cattle in T. saginata
Intermediate
A_______ is one in which the parasite attains sexual maturity.
In Taeniasis a human is considered as _______
definitive
An_____ host harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite. Pigs or
cattle serve as intermediate hosts of Taenia spp.. while snails are hosts of
Schistosoma spp
intermediate
Life cycle of Capillaria philippinensis
Humans =
Fish =
definitive hosts
intermediate hosts
Life cycle of Taenia spp.
Humans =
Pigs & Cattle =
definitive hosts
intermediate hosts
Life cycle of Malaria
Humans =
Mosquitoes =
intermediate hosts
definitive hosts
in some cases, larval development is completed in TWO different intermediate hosts referred to as
First Intermediate Host
Second Intermediate Host
Intermediate Hosts
Is a hermaphrodite meaning the mature proglottid of the adult parasite contains both testes and ovaries.
Sexual reproduction happens in the human body
Diphyllobothrium latum
Life cycle of Diphyllobothrium latum
= definitive host
= 1st intermediate host
= 2nd intermediate host
= paratenic host
Humans
Copepod
Small fish
Big fish
a host that serves as a temporary refuge and vehicle for reaching an obligatory host, usually the definitive host
Paratenic Host
i.e. it is NOT necessary for the completion of the parasite’s life cycle
Paratenic host
There is NO development of the parasite inside the________
Ex. Wild boar in Paragonimus westermani
paratenic host
a host that makes the parasite available for the transmission to another host and is usually not affected by the infection.
Reservoir Host
The unending source of parasite
Ex.____ for Balantidium coli, Field____ for Paragonimus westermani,___ for Brugia malayi
Reservoir Host
Pigs
rats
Cats
a host that is naturally infected with certain species of parasite.
Ex. Canines in ______
Natural host
Echinococcus granulosus
a host that is under normal circumstances not
infected with the parasite
Ex.______ in Echinococcus granulosus
Accidental Host
Humans
Life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus
= definitive host
= accidental host
= accidental parasite to human
Canine
Human
Echinococcus granulosus
Types of life cycle
Direct
Indirect
Direct LC or
Monoxenous LC
Indirect LC or
Heteroxenous LC
parasite does NOT REQUIRE an intermediate host to complete its life cycle
Direct life cycle
parasite REQUIRES an intermediate host to complete its life cycle
Indirect life cycle
Ascaris lumbricoides
Direct or Indirect LC
Direct
Dracunculus medinensis
Direct or Indirect
Indirect
