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Biology > Transport + 1 Nutrition > Flashcards

Transport + 1 Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need transport systems?

A

direct diffusion from the outers surface would be too slow
So need it to transport substances to and from cells quickly

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2
Q

What does the phloem transport?

A

Sugars e.g. sucrose and amino acids

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3
Q

What process does phloem use?

A

Translocation
leaves to other parts of the plant

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4
Q

What does the xylem transport?

A

Water and minerals

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5
Q

What process does xylem use?

A

Transpiration
roots to leaves in transpiration steam

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6
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The evaporation of water from the surface of a plant

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7
Q

What factors affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Light Intensity
Temperature
Wind Speed
Humidity

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8
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?

A

If light intensity increases, rate of transpiration increases
Stomata close when its dark because photosynthesis cannot occur -> so water cannot be let out

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9
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration?

A

If temperature increases, the rate of transpiration increases
Water particles have more K.E. , can pass through plant quickly

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10
Q

How does wind speed affect the rate of transpiration?

A

If wind speed increases, the rate of transpiration increases
Water vapour can swept away quickly, maintaining a steep concentration gradient for diffusion

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11
Q

How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

A

If humidity increases, the rate of transpiration increases
In high humidity, there is lots of water in the air. as well as the plant so not a steep concentration gradient for diffusion

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12
Q

How can you measure the effect of light intensity on a plant?

A

Lamp at different distances from potometer

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13
Q

How can you measure the effect of temperature on a plant?

A

Heater at different distances from potometer

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14
Q

How can you measure the effect of wind speed on a plant?

A

Fan at different distances from potometer

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15
Q

How can you measure the effect of humidity on a plant?

A

Spray different volumes of water in a plastic bag and seal around plant in potometer

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16
Q

What is the transport system in humans?

A

blood

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17
Q

What is the blood made up of?

A

Plasma
Platelets
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells

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18
Q

What does the blood contain?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Digested food products e.g. glucose, amino acids = gut to body
CO2 = body to lungs
Urea = liver to kidneys
Hormones
Heat energy

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19
Q

What are platelets for?

A

clump together when you damage a blood vessel = blood clotting

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20
Q

What does blood clotting do?

A

prevents microbes entering the wound
Prevents blood loss

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21
Q

What are platelets held together by in a blood clotting?

A

A type of protein, fibrin

22
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Transport 02 from lungs to body

23
Q

Adaptations of a red blood cells?

A

Small biconcave shape = large S.A.

Haemoglobin - oxyhaemoglobin (lungs) -> haemoglobin (body)

No nucleus = more space for haemoglobin

24
Q

What are the 2 types of white blood cells?

A

Lymphocytes
Phagocytes

25
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

engulf and digest anything foreign

26
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

detect antigen and produce complementary antobodies

27
Q

What are antibodies?

A

proteins produced by lymphocytes that bind to antigens

28
Q

What happens in an immune response?

A
  1. A pathogen enters the body which has antigens on it
  2. Lymphocytes detect this antigen and produce complementary antibodies
  3. The antibodies destroy the pathogen by binding to the antigen on the pathogen
  4. Some of the lymphocytes become memory cells and remain in the blood
  5. If the same pathogens infect the person again, the antibodies can be made quicker and in greater numbers
29
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A dead/inactivated version of a pathogen

30
Q

How does a vaccine give someone immunity?

A
  1. A pathogen enters the body which has antigens.
  2. Lymphocytes detect this antigen and produce complementary antibodies
  3. The antibodies destroy the pathogen by binding to the antigens
  4. Some of the lymphocytes become memory cells and remain in the blood
  5. If the same pathogens infect the person again, the antibodies can be made quicker and in greater numbers
31
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from the heart
Usually oxygenated

32
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood towards heart
Usually deoxygenated

33
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Allow diffusion of gases + nutrients from blood to body cells

34
Q

Why does heart rate increase with exercise?

A

Muscles need more energy = more respiration
Need more 02, get rid of C02

35
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When coronary arteries get blocked by fatty buildup
Causes arteries to get narrow = limited blood flow so less 02 to heart -> can cause heart attack

36
Q

Risk factors of Coronary Heart Disease

A

Eating lots of fat
Smoking
Being physically inactive

37
Q

Why is smoking a risk factor for coronary heart disease?

A

Increases B.P., causes damage to coronary arteries

38
Q

Why is physical inactivity a risk factor for coronary heart disease?

A

Increases B.P. , causes damage to the lining of coronary arteries -> increases the likeliness of fatty buildup

39
Q

How does the endocrine system help control heart rate?

A

When an organism is threatened, the adrenal glands produce more adrenaline

The adrenaline binds to specific receptors in the heart

Causes cardiac muscle to contract more often and with more force -> heart rate increases so more 02 supply to tissues readying the body for response

40
Q

What are valves for in the heart?

A

To prevent backflow

41
Q

Journey of blood through the heart

A

BODY
1. Vena cava
2. Right atrium
3. Tricuspid valve
4. Right ventricle
5. Semilunar valve
5. Pulmonary artery
LUNGS
6. Pulmonary vein
7. Left atrium
8. Bicuspid valve
9. Left ventricle
10. Semilunar valve
11. Aorta

42
Q

What do plants require for growth

A

Mineral ions

43
Q

Why is transpiration important for plants

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Transport of mineral ions
44
Q

Minerals needed for plant growth

A
  • Magnesium
  • Nitrate
45
Q

Minerals for plant growth: Magnesium

A

Chlorophyll

46
Q

Minerals for plant growth: Nitrate

A

Amino acids

47
Q

Factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • carbon dioxide concentration,
  • light intensity
  • temperature

As one is increased, another one will become a limiting factor - graph becomes plateued
Temperature is like enzyme graph

48
Q

Practical: Test for starch for leaf

A
  1. Put leaf in boiling water (to stop enzyme activity)
  2. Put leaf in test tube with ethanol and heat in water bath until it boils (to remove chlorophyll)
  3. Rinse leaf with cold water
  4. Add iodine, goes yellow -> blue/black
49
Q

Practical: Test for chlorophyll

A
  1. Take variegated lead and add iodine
  2. Light parts = yellow
  3. Green parts = blue/black
50
Q

Practical: Test for CO2

A
  1. Put plant and soda lime inside bell jar, and shine light
  2. Soda lime absorbs CO2
  3. Leave this for a few days, and test leave for starch. Iodine will remain yellow
  4. So CO2 is needed for photosynthesis
51
Q

What does the presence of starch show?

A

Whether photosynthesis is happening or not

52
Q

Practical: Show light is needed for photosynthesis

A
  1. Put plant in dark for few days
  2. Test for starch, iodine will stay yellow

Biology (30 decks)

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